A Background on Egypt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A Background on Egypt - Essay Example From the study it is clear that Egypt occupies a strategic position as it is a bridge between two continents and links two chief waterways, the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Its position demands that it dominates its environment otherwise it suffers from the victimization of foreign powers. Egypt survival depends on the Nile River. Indeed, the majority of the country’s citizens live near along the river where the only arable land is found, an area of about 15, 000 square miles. As the discussion declares the country is also considered to be in a very strategic position politically since it’s at the epicenter of three circles. These are the Arab, the African, and the Islamic people. The country considers itself playing a vital role in Africa as it was a major advocate of nonalignment and neutralism. With its strategic position, Egypt remains an important part of major powers’ plan to reach the Arab world. In spite of the country’s unbalanced outcome of its two referendums and parliamentary elections, it experienced a free and fair election for a period of 10 months from November 2011. The country’s politics became a tool through which contentious issues could be settled. During the 2012 elections, twenty-nine parties and several independent candidates competed for the 498 seats available in the People’s Assembly. With the eight political parties that competed in the elections, the Islamists won at least 83 percent of the 18 0 available seats.

Free

Freedom of the Press Essay The opinion of Americans about speech freedom is ambiguous. Ask any American, Kurtli writes, about disengagement of speech and media in the US, and you will hear a loud resentment from the irresponsibility of the media, who, without hesitation, climb into the privacy of the stars, politicians and ordinary citizens, reveal state secrets, thereby raising the ratings of TV programs and newspaper runs. Freedom Forum carried out a research on this topic. A survey carried out in 2002 showed that, in the opinion of 42% of the respondents, too much disengagement was provided to the media. The accuracy of this assessment is subjective. There is no doubt that the US legislation provides for perhaps the most extensive measures in the world to protect the rights of the media, as a result of which the guarantees of intellectual freedom in the United States are truly impressive. Freedom Forum carried out a research on this topic. A survey carried out in 2002 showed that, in the opinion of 42% of the respondents, too much disengagement was provided to the media. The accuracy of this assessment is subjective. There is no doubt that the US legislation provides for perhaps the most extensive measures in the world to protect the rights of the media, as a result of which the guarantees of intellectual freedom in the United States are truly impressive. Americans value their disengagement of speech and media. This is due to the fact that it creates an intellectual market of ideas. The US media has a wide field for expressing opinions and stand guard, which allows the people to directly monitor government decisions and take part in them, and allows a wide variety of ideas to be tested in the market of symbolic designs. Such laws are based on the main rectification to the main law. This, in turn, means that the American defense of intellectual expression is based on the norms of English common law, in accordance with the nature and principles of which the laws are subject to exegetics by the judges. Such exegetics is carried out in the form of decisions on specific court cases instituted on the basis of claims by private individuals or the state represented by its public representatives. The prime adjudicator is the US Supreme Court. Before the victory in the War, the British colonies respected many laws of the Parliament governing the basic rules and setting the total volume of freedom of expression. Media was obliged to be licensed. Legally appointed officials were responsible for the conformity of future publications unacceptable in the society of that time and qualified as the dissemination of slanderous fabrications for subversive purposes. It is not surprising that by the end of the 18th century, the inhabitants of the North American colonies began to suffer from these restrictions. Then disengagement of speech became a sign of good governance. As Franklin himself wrote, freedom of the media is the disengagement, for which every pensioner should be ready to fight and die. The opinion of Franklin was shared by the largest theorists of American constitutionalism, Jefferson, and Madison. Jefferson believed that the political consciousness of the people depends directly on the freedom of the press. A free media is the only real guarantee of security for all. In turn, Madison argued that public administration without free circulation of information is a real prolog to farce and tragedy. As for the legal precedents of defending free-thinking, we can refer to the case when, on November 17, 1734, the newspaper publisher from New York was accused of disseminating slanderous fabrications for subversive purposes for publishing anonymous criticism in the New York Weekly Journal to the British governor-general Cosby. Thanks to a lawyer, the publisher was acquitted by a jury. The lawyer managed to convince the jury that no one can be sentenced to criminal punishment for public criticism of the authorities, especially when such criticism corresponds to the real state of affairs. Thus, the legal mechanism for protecting media and delivering a true date to people in America deserves attention and is an example to follow for many countries. References Freedom of the press, William L.Chenery Greenwood Press 1977 Freedom of the press, Merrill F.Hartshorn National Education Association of the United States 1980 Freedom of the press: rights and liberties under the law, Nancy C.Cornwell ABC-CLIO 2004

Stem Cell Research is an Assault on Life Essay -- Argumentative Persua

  Ã‚   Throughout the history of the cloning debate, no Administration of either party funded a research project that relies on destroying live human embryos - until President Bush in 2001 authorized limited funding for such. The Clinton Administration's plans to do so were delayed by public opposition, then halted for good reason by the Bush Administration. The federal government has now decided to partially implement the National Institutes of Health's guidelines for embryonic stem cell research. This has opened the door to broader assaults on innocent human life in the name of research. Congress and this Administration in a limited way endorse the principle that alleged research benefits outweigh the inviolable dignity of innocent human life. Attempts to prevent further abuses will likely be futile, as researchers demand more and more freedom to set aside restrictions that prevent them from realizing their dreams of conquering disease. We applauded the Administration's initial a nnouncement that it supported a complete ban on human cloning.    Most Christians have grave concerns on this critically important issue of embryonic stem cell research. In our view, conducting research that relies on deliberate destruction of human embryos for their stem cells is illegal, immoral and unnecessary.    It is illegal because it violates an appropriations rider (the Dickey amendment) passed every year since 1995 by Congress. That provision forbids funding "research in which" human embryos (whether initially created for research purposes or not) are harmed or destroyed outside the womb.(1) National Institutes of Health guidelines approved by the Clinton Administration nonetheless give researchers detailed instructions on how to ... ...eficiency (SCID)-X1 Disease," 288 Science 669-72 (28 April 2000).    16. K. Foss, "Paraplegic regains movement after cell procedure," The Globe and Mail (Toronto), June 15, 2001 at A1.    17. E. Ryan et al., "Glycemic Outcome Post Islet Transplantation," Abstract #33-LB, Annual Meeting of the American Diabetes Association, June 24, 2001. See: http://38.204.37.95/am01/AnnualMeeting/Abstracts/NumberResults.asp?idAbs=33-LB.    18. M. McCullough, "Islet transplants offer hope that diabetes can be cured," Philadelphia Inquirer, June 22, 2001 at A1.    19. D. Woodbury et al., "Adult Rat and Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Differentiate Into Neurons," 61 J. of Neuroscience Research 364-70 (2000) at 364 (emphasis added).    20. D. Prockop, "Stem Cell Research Has Only Just Begun" (Letter), 293 Science 211-2 (13 July 2001)(citations omitted).

English: The Art to Modern Communication Essay

1.0 Introduction Saudi Arabia, the oil rich country of the Middle East, has a modern military to take care of its national security. Constantly trained and supported by the western powers of the United States and United Kingdom, the King Khalid Military Academy is a prestigious institute of modern warfare. Taught by ex-British and ex-American military commanders, the institute has just about the best cadets passing out with distinction in the country. The institute is so well organized, that even the members of the Saudi Arabia national guards receive training here. The King Khalid Military Academy trains the tribal recruits who guard the royal family from external and internal uncertainties. This team, called the SANG, is the Saudi Arabia National Guards (Military, 2005). The problem facing the national guards is that they know little English, the medium of instruction by the ex-British and American military personnel. With their limited exposure, these loyal tribal have adjusted to the training programmes well. However, they are still not fluent enough to learn or understand modern techniques imparted to them through English, fast enough. This has been a drawback to the Royal family’s security. Despite the constant motivation the students get from the King Khalid Military Academy, there has not been much of a change in their outlook on the foreign language. Considering the sensitivity of such teachings, my quest to learn and then impart training in English to these students at King Khalid Military Academy assumes significance. 2.0 English as an International Language In the context of the economic, social and political dimensions, many nations are moving ahead with the objective of becoming a competitive knowledge-based economy in the world by the end of the decade. The use of English as an international language has been brought about by the spread of English globally. This has resulted in English undergoing a variety of changes on grammatical, lexical, and phonological levels. The way English is being spoken, it is almost certain that in the near future; English will become unintelligible (Teaching English as an International Language, Oxford University Press).[1] Teaching English as an international language has a lot of challenges. Cultural, social and political dimensions have to be considered in the context of teaching a foreign language. Take for instance the teaching of English in a non-national language country. The tension of globalization in language learning and teaching constitutes three very important dimensions. These are: †¢ Ethnic, linguistic and cultural diversity in the local communities †¢ The prevalence of English †¢ Nationalism endorsed by linguistic and cultural essentialism. These three elements can be conceptualized in different ways. We see that the first and second dimensions have a direct bearing on a country’s national identity. These two dimensions stimulate the third dimension, nationalism. Teaching under such a situation is very challenging and must be handled with care (David Block and Deborah Cameron, 2001)[2]. English as a global language caught the imagination of people around the globe, due to globalization. Despite ethnic and cultural differences, people have accepted that there is the need for a common language to communicate at all levels. Cultural and linguistic diversity, while stimulating respect for cultural identity, traditions and religions, is essential to the development of an Information Society based on the dialogue among cultures; regional and international cooperation. It is an important factor for sustainable development. Without this, development activities would get hampered. English is prevalent in every country around the world. English has been accepted as the global language due to its frequent usage by people in the bureaucracy and aristocracy. Business dealings are made in English and unless people learn to read, speak and write in English, the chances of them being ignored is not remote (UNESCO, 2005)[3]. 3.0  Ã‚  Ã‚   Motivation Motivation is an integral part of student training. For a foreigner to learn another language requires a lot of motivation. English is perhaps a language that requires the minimum amount of strain, as it has very limited number of alphabets and is widely spoken. Considering that most people in the kingdom of Saudi Arabia speak Arabic, there is a substantial import of English speaking personnel here. Motivation to learn a foreign language has to come from within an individual. There is a lot of talk of students being motivated to perform well in studies, sports, and social activities. These come naturally, however when students are given the option to learn a foreign language or any other language, they back down immediately. Why is this so? Many parts of the Middle East speak only Arabic and to an extent Urdu. English though is spoken by the expatriates, is confined to the business and educational sectors only. English is not necessary for them manage their business or daily life. It is when they travel outside the Middle East do they require to speak another language, which is, English. This should be the motivation required for the students of the King Khalid Military Academy to learn English. In a classroom, the more the students the harder it is to motivate. No two students will think alike. Motivation becomes that much harder and the teacher is left with very little options to perform. There are no small measures to motivate students, as they all have different levels of motivation. There are various factors that determine a student’s motivation level; factors such as self confidence and self-esteem, and attitude to do well. Motivation can be either intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic comes from within the individual, while extrinsic is what teachers try to inculcate. However, both these are related to the goal orientation of the student. Intrinsic motivation is determined by an interest in learning and mastery, curiosity and preference for challenge and leads to a mastery goal orientation. Extrinsic motivation is determined by external sources. Teachers find it easier to motivate students through external methods, which include rewards, promotions, appreciations, cash incentives, and teacher/parent approvals that lead to performance goal orientation. These two types of motivation will therefore influence the type of learning and the strategies that a student can use to progress academically. Performance goal orientation which in most cases is directed by extrinsic motivation focuses on one’s ability and self worth. But here ability is evidenced by doing better than others and/or by achieving success with little effort. Should they come across hardship, they tend to give up. On the other hand, students with intrinsic motivation are self-stressors. They try to attain further competence and are mastery goal oriented. They see school as the first step to gaining competence. They engage in learning for self-fulfillment. The use of praise and rewards as a motivating factor has been debated and researched for a long time. It is possible that rewards, in particular, may only have an effect on extrinsic motivation. On the other hand rewards are widely used; from stickers, to tokens and privileges, to encourage students to engage in a particular activity. The question is whether the rewards are effective in short-term engagements and in long-term development of meaningful learning practices. Motivation for one may be a punishment for another. Similarly, there is the danger that a reward for one student could turn out to be a punishment for another. We see that many universities in the UK and U.S.A offer scholarships to deserving students to pursue higher studies abroad. This is perhaps the best example of motivation levied to students. Under normal conditions, for a foreign or even an American student to pay fees for professional courses are exorbitantly high and out of reach. In such a situation, universities seek the best students to enhance their reputation and offer scholarships. Once the student completes the study, he/she is assured of a good job. 4.0 Consideration Considering the English is mandatory to study abroad, students in Saudi Arabia need to be motivated to learn English. Three main factors are important in the consideration of how to motivate students in the classroom Autonomy versus control Optimal challenge to the students The involvement of the teacher Teachers must be equally motivated to teach their students. In order to do so, teachers must the following conditions: A supportive learning environment An appropriate level of challenge of tasks and activities Learning objectives must be relevant and meaningful A moderate or optimal use of motivational strategies (Marilyn Robb, 2001) 5.0  Ã‚  Ã‚   Conclusion English as an additional language has many positives. It allows people easy access to information, communicating and friendship. English is spoken by a majority of people the world over and has come to being recognized as the true international language. Universities, colleges and schools in most countries teach in English, and if we are to compete or study along with them English learning becomes a prerogative. When evaluated. The positives of English outlast the negatives. Thus we see that motivation to learn English should be given the most favored status in this country, and especially in the King Khalid Military Academy.

Foreign Exchange of Ibbl

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTORY PART †¢ Introduction †¢ Origin of the Report †¢ Scope of the Study †¢ Objective of the study †¢ Methodology †¢ Limitation of the study CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTORY PART 1. 1 Introduction: Bangladesh is one of the largest Muslim countries in the World. The people of this country are deeply committed to Islamic way of life as enshrined in the Holy Quran and the sunnah. Naturally, it remains a deep cry in their hearts to fashion and design their economic lives in accordance with the precepts of Islam.The establishment of Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited on March 13, 1983, is the true reflection of this inner urge of its people, which started functioning with effect from March 30, 1983, . It is committed to conduct all banking and investment activities based on interest free and profit-loss sharing system. In doing so, it has unveiled anew horizon and ushered in a new silver lining of hope towards materializing a long cherished drems of the pe ople of Bangladesh for doing their banking transactions in line with prescribed by Islam.With the active co-operation and participation of Islam Development Bank (IDB) and some other Islamic bank , financial institutions ,government bodies and eminent personalities of the Middle East and the Gulf countries , Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited (IBBL) has by now earned the unique position of a leading private commercial Bank in Bangladesh. 1 2 1. 2 Origin of the Report: Compliant with the rule of the BBA Program, it is mandatory for a student to intern in an organization, in order to be acquainted with the real practices.Banking business in today’s world is going rapidly. Bank deals with diversified work. Here, many things have to learn quickly which later helps to build career decision. So, I had selected Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited for the internship. The topic of my study is â€Å"Different Modes of Investment of IBBL on Mirpur Branch† 3 4 1. 3 Scope of the Study: BBA course curriculum necessitates for knowing the banking system of any bank. No economic standard can run without banking system or any other financial institutions.My study is ‘Different modes of investment of IBBL on Mirpir Branch’ is a relevant and core of Banking business. Without this concern bank cannot think of its business and existence. I have worked at Pallabi Branch of IBBL. The report covers brief overview of IBBL, its products services; the report covers brief overview of IBBL, its products services, operating activities financial position, performance analysis, different types of modes present situation, performance analysis and SWOT analysis of IBBL. 1. 4 Objectives of the study: The objectives of this report are: To know about Islamic banking system in Bangladesh. To know about different modes manufacturing of investment of Islami Bank Bangladesh limited. ? To study the performance of different modes of investment of Islami bank Bangladesh limited. ? To id entify the problem of Islami Bank Bangladesh limited. ? To make sngation. 5 1. 5 Methodology: This report has been prepared on the basis of experience gathered during the period of internship form 19th April to13thjun. Within this period I visited three department namely General Banking, Investment and Foreign Exchange departments. Section |Duration |Working Day | |General Banking |From /08/2011 to /08/2011 | | |Investment |From /08/2011 to /08/2011 | | |Foreign Exchange |From /08/2011 to /08/2011 | | A. Sources of Data: The report is prepared by using both primary and secondary data. ) Primary Sources: A lots of the required information came from primary sources. These sources are: o Face to face conversation with the officers: Officers of the general banking, Foreign Exchange & Investment Division of Mirpur Branch, Dhaka have been interviewed. o Practical desk work o Relevant file study as provided by the concerned officer o In depth study of selected cases. o Maintaining diary. i i) Secondary sources: Conceptual parts of the report have been collected by studying different literatures regarding credit appraisal system.Some of these secondary sources are: ? Different Circulars issued by the Head Office and Bangladesh Bank ? Different ‘Investment Manual’, published by IBBL. ? Annual Reports 2010 of IBBL. ? www. islamibankbd. com ? Newspaper information on several days ? Audit Reports. ? Relevant books, Newspapers and Journals. B. Analysis of Data: Some arithmetic and graphical tools are used in this report for analyzing the collected data and to classifying those to interpret them clearly. 6 1. 6 Limitations of the study: Islami banking system is different than the traditional banking system †¢ It is very difficult to analyze this issue without proper knowledge about Islamic banking and economy. †¢ As it is not conventional so it bears some complexity to understand. †¢ Some words are in Arabic terms that make it difficult. †¢ I t is time consuming to differentiate & understand interest & profit. CHAPTER-2 ORGANIZATIONAL PART †¢ Background †¢ Definition of Islamic Economy †¢ Islamic Banking †¢ History of Islamic Banking Goals & Objectives of Islami Banking †¢ Essential Features of an Islamic Bank †¢ Distinguishing Features of Islamic Banking against Commercial Banking †¢ Brief Description of the IBBL †¢ Mission †¢ Vision †¢ Aims and Objectives †¢ Functions of IBBL †¢ Structure of the organization CHAPTER-2 ORGANIZATIONAL PART 7 2. 1 Background: Islam is a complete way of life, and Allah’s Guidance extends into all areas of our lives. Islam has given detailed regulations for our economic life, which is balanced and fair.Muslims are to recognize that wealth, earnings, and material goods are the property of Allah and we are merely his trustees. The principles of Islam aim at establishing a just society wherein everyone will behave responsively and honestly. The Quaranic concept is based upon sovereignty of Allah overall. He is the source of income for human beings. The Almighty provides whatever man possesses to him. Allah is the sustainer of human beings, animals and other beings. It is his desire to whom he gives more and to whom he gives less. 2. 2 Definition of Islamic Economy: a) Islamic Economics is that branch of knowledge, which helps realize human well being through an allocation and distribution of scarce resource that is in conformity with Islamic teachings without unduly curbing individual freedom, or creating continued macro-economic and ecological imbalances- By Omar Chapra (b) Islamic Economics is the science of how man uses resources and means of production to study his worldly needs according to a predetermined code given by Allah in order to achieve the greatest equity- By Princes Muhammad Al-Faisal Saud. 2. 3 Islamic Banking:In the late seventies and early eighties, Muslim countries were awoken by the e mergence of Islami Bank which provided interest free banking facilities. There are currently more then 300 interst free institutions all over the world. Islami Bank now a days not only operate in almost Muslim countries but have extended their wings to the Western world to serve both Muslim and non Muslim countries. In case of Islami Banking the establishment of Mitghamar Local Savings Bank in 1963 is said to be a milestone for modern Islami Banking can nevertheless be traced back to the birth of Isalm.Definition of Islami Banking: An Islami Bank is a financial institution whose statutes, rules and regulations expressly state its commitment to the principles of Islamic Shariah and to the banning of the receipt and payment of interest on any of its operating. – According to OIC 2. 4 History of Islamic Banking: During Sumerian, Babylonian and Mesopotamian civilization, temples gave loans to states and individuals and accumulated much wealth prompting various councils to issue d ecrees. City of Mecca was complex and heterogeneous place, where clan and tribal community were involved in interest based loans.Prophet and his companions were to introduce Arabs to Islam. There is evidence to indicate that the development of Islami Banking started from the time of Prophet. Four revelations of Al-Quran specifically dealing with interest are milestone which later shaped the operational aspects of the Islami Banking system. There are numerous Hadiths relevant to banking which clearly prohibits Muslim from accepting or paying riba. The only known organized financial institution originated during prophet was the Baitul Mal, which involved in state income, expenditure and development purpose.Evidence indicates that the two sons of Chaliph Umar were given loans from Baitul Mal which they used on their way back to Madina for trading and consequently earned profit. Caliph declared it as Mudaraba and taken half profit for Baitul Mal against involved capital. 2. 5 Goals & Ob jectives of Islami Banking: (a) Establishment of an Interest frees financial system. (b) Ensuring justice to both suppliers of fund and user of fund. (c) Encouraging & patronizing entrepreneurship. (d) Creating employment. (e) Bridging up the gap between the surplus and deficit of fund. (f) Development of a healthy capital and money market. g) Providing various services and utilities to the public. (h) Development of standard of living. (i) Maintaining justice and equity at all level of transaction. (j) Swishing over to mass banking from class banking. (k) Alleviating Poverty through Zakat & profit sharing micro-finance. 2. 6 Essential Features of an Islamic Bank: a) Prohibition of Interest: The traditional capitalist banking system depends of interest for providing loans and pays interest for taking loans. The spread between these two interests is the source of its profit. But according to Islamic Shariah all types of interest is banned.So Islamic Bank does not carry on business of interest and it completely avoids the transaction of interest. b) Investment Based on Profit: After departing from interest, the alternative ways of income for Islamic Bank are investment and profit. Thus Islamic Bank gives up any transaction of interest and makes investments based on profit. Bank distributes its profit to its depositors and shareholders. c) Investing in Halal Business: Islamic Shariah has banned the business of haram goods. For example Islam not only forbids the drinking of alcohol but also banned any business of alcohol.Therefore Islamic Bank does not get any haram business and only do halal business. d) Halal Paths and Procedures: Islamic Shariah also reject any haram path or process any case of a halal business. Therefore Islamic Banking system only allows the halal path procedures of Halal business. 2. 7 Distinguishing Features of Islamic Banking against Commercial Banking: (a) Risk Sharing: †¢ No predetermined rate of return. †¢ Sharing end result o f the business. †¢ Mudaraba loss is entirely borne by the Shahib-al-Maal. (b) Emphasis on productivity not on credit worthiness: †¢ Dominant consideration no on collaterals. Emphasis on soundness of the project. (c) Moral Dimension: †¢ Islamic value oriented system. †¢ Full compliance of Shariah. †¢ No finance for wine/tobacco/casino/pork production or trading. (d) Equity: †¢ Justice to all parties. †¢ Riba is unjust. (e) Allocative efficiency: †¢ Productive of the project. †¢ Finance goes to high productive project even if credit worthiness is lower. (f) Stability of the Banking System: †¢ Mudaraba & Musharaka Mechanism ensures stability. (g)Growth: †¢ Promotes Innovation. †¢ Entrepreneurship Development. 2. 8 BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE IBBL: Bangladesh is one of the largest Muslim countries in the world.The people of this country are deeply committed to Islamic way of life as enshrined in the Holy Quran and the Sunnah. Natu rally, it remains a deep cry in their hearts to fashion and design their economic lives in accordance with the precepts of Islam. The establishment of Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited on March 13, 1983, is the true reflection of this inner urge of its people, which started functioning with effect from March 30, 1983. This Bank is the first of its kind in Southeast Asia. It is committed to conduct all banking and investment activities on the basis of interest-free profit-loss sharing system.In doing so, it has unveiled a new horizon and ushered in a new silver lining of hope towards materializing a long cherished dream of the people of Bangladesh for doing their banking transactions in line with what is prescribed by Islam. With the active co-operation and participation of Islamic Development Bank (IDB) and some other Islamic banks, financial institutions, government bodies and eminent personalities of the Middle East and the Gulf countries, Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited has by now ea rned the unique position of a leading private commercial bank in Bangladesh. 2. 9 Mission:To establish Islamic Banking through the introduction of a welfare oriented banking system and also ensure equity and justice in the field of all economic activities, achieve balanced growth and equitable development through diversified investment operations particularly in the priority sectors and less development areas of the country. To encourage socio-economic enlistment and financial services to the low income community particularly in the rural areas. 2. 10 Vision: IBBL’s vision is to always strive to achieve superior financial performance, be considered a leading Islamic Bank by reputation and performance. The bank’s goal is to establish and maintain the modern banking techniques, to ensure the soundness and development of the financial system based on Islamic principles and to become the strong and efficient organization with highly motivated professionals, working for the benefit of people, based upon accountability, transparency and integrity in order to ensure the stability of financial systems. †¢ The bank will try to encourage savings in the form of direct investment. †¢ The bank will also try to encourage Investment particularly in projects which are more likely to lead to higher employment. 2. 1 Aims and Objectives: †¢ To conduct interest-free banking. †¢ To establish participatory banking instead of banking on debtor-creditor relationship. †¢ To invest on profit and risk sharing basis. †¢ To accept deposits on Mudaraba & Al-Wadeah basis. †¢ To establish a welfare-oriented banking system. †¢ To extend co-operation to the poor, the helpless and the low-income group for their economic enlistment. To play a vital role in human development and employment generation. †¢ To contribute towards balanced growth and development of the country through investment operations particularly in the less developed ar eas. To contribute in achieving the ultimate goal of Islamic economic system. 2. 12 Functions of IBBL: The IBBL’s has number of Functions, they are as follows: 1. General banking ? Account Opening Section ? M. S. B, M. S. S, Hajji Section ? P. O, T. D. R, D. D, T. T Section ? Cash Section ? Clearing House Section ? Transaction Entry Section 2. Foreign Exchange Section ? Activities for importer ? Activities for exporter ? Collecting and sending foreign remittance 3. Investment Section ? Activities for importer ? Activities for exporter ? Collecting and sending foreign remittance 2. 13 Organization Structure of Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited: [pic] [pic] CHAPTER-3 MODES OF INVESTMENT IN IBBL †¢ Introduction †¢ Investment policy of IBBL †¢ Investment Strategy of IBBL †¢ Investment Modes of IBBL †¢ Mode wise investment †¢ Sector wise Analysis †¢ Special Investment Schemes of IBBL CHAPTER-3 MODES OF INVESTMENT IN IBBL 3. 1 Introduction: Islamic Bank does not invest in loans and fixed interest securities. It can invest in ordinary share only while interest based bank can invest in loans and different kinds of securities.Islami Bank establishes and participate projects with its client as a partner and bears the risk along with the client on a proportionate basis. Besides, other conventional banks sometimes finance projects but do not bear risk. Finally, the concept of Islamic Bank is to establish on egalitarian society based on principles of social justice and equity. Whereas traditional banks pay a fixed interest on savings, time deposit and grant loans with interest for any purpose. We have gathered the fact that investment management is the theme of IBBL. The bank takes deposits and invests the same based on the profit-loss sharing.Bank go for the investment mainly which are long term and profitable in nature. IBBL also give high concentration on the investment that will generate more employment. As investment is one of t he most priority areas for the IBBL, so it needs to cautious in investment decision. To ensure proper investment IBBL always go with in-depth study before making the investment. So in the next phases we are going to demonstrate the way IBBL follow the manage investment. 2 Investment policy of IBBL: Investment policy of Islamic Bank and non Islamic bank are fully different.The investment policies of Islami bank Bangladesh limited are given follows †¢ To invest fund strictly in accordance with the principles of Islamic Shariah. †¢ To diversify its investment portfolio by size of investment, by sectors (public & private), by economic purpose, by securities and by geographical area including industrial, commercial & agricultural. †¢ To ensure mutual benefit both for the Bank and the investment-client by professional appraisal of investment proposals, judicious sanction of investment, close and constant supervision and monitoring thereof. To make investment keeping the soc io-economic requirement of the country in view. †¢ To increase the number of potential investors by making participatory and productive investment. †¢ To finance various development schemes for poverty alleviation, income and employment generation with a view to accelerating sustainable socio-economic growth and upliftment of the society. †¢ To invest in the form of goods and commodities rather than give out cash money to the investment clients. †¢ To encourage social upliftment enterprises. †¢ To shun even highly profitable investment in fields forbidden under Islamic Shariah and are harmful for the society. The Bank extends investments under the principles of Bai-Murabaha, Bai-Muazzal, Hire Purchase under Shirkatul Meelk and Musharaka. The Bank is making sincere efforts to go for investment under Mudaraba principle in near future. 3. 3Investment Strategy of IBBL: Most of the cases investment strategy of Islamic Bank and interest-based bank are contradictor y. The investment strategies of Islami Bank Bangladesh limited are given below: ? To check exodus of investment clients. ? To induct new investment clients. ? To induct good investment clients of other Banks. To enhance existing limits of good investment clients. ? Extension of investment transport sector. ? Extension of investment to backward as well as forward linkage industries. ? Extension of investment to real Estate Sector. ? Extension of investment to Jute sector; particularly for trading and export purpose. ? Strengthening supervision, control and monitoring mechanism. ? Training and motivation of manpower to handle increased and diverse volume of investment s. ? To give due consideration to high risk, high return and low risk, low return investment proposals. Adaptation of modern technology 3. 4 Investment Modes of IBBL: IBBL invests its money in various sectors of the economy through different modes permitted by shariah and approved by the Bangladesh Band. The modes of inv estment are as follows: [pic] A. Bai-Mechanism (Trading mode): Bai-Murabaha: Bai- murabaha may be defined as a contract between a buyer and a seller under which the sells certain specific goods (permissible under Islamic shariah and the law of the land) to the buyer at a cost plus agreed profit payable in cash or on any fixed future data in lump sum or by installments.The marked up profit may be fixed in lump sum or in percentage of the cost price of the goods. Important features: ( It is permissible for the client to offer an order to purchase by the bank particular goods deciding its specification and committing him to buy same from the bank on murabaha, i. e. cost plus agreed upon profit. ( It is permissible to make the promise binding upon the client to purchase from the bank, that is, he is to satisfy the promise or to indemnify the damages caused by breaking the promise without excuse. It is also permissible to take cash / collateral security to guarantee the implementation of the promise or indemnify the damages. ( Stock availability of goods is a basic condition for signing a Bai-murabaha agreement. Therefore, the bank must purchase the goods as per specification of the client to acquire ownership of the same before signing the Bai-Murabaha agreement with the Client. ( After purchase of goods the Bank must bear the risk of goods until those are actually sold and delivered to the Client, i. e. after purchase of the goods by the Bank and before selling of those on Bai-Murabaha to the Client buyer, the bank bear the consequences of any damages or defects, unless there is an agreement with the Client releasing the bank of the defects, that means, if the goods are damaged, bank is liable, if the goods are defective, (a defect that is not included in the release) the Bank bears the responsibility. ( The Bank must deliver the specified Goods to the Client on specified date and at specified place of delivery as per Contract. ( The bank shall the goods at a hig her price (Cost + {profit) to earn profit.The cost of goods sold and profit markup therewith shall separately and clearly be mentioned in the Bai-Murabaha agreement. The profit Mark-up may be mentioned in lump sum or in percentage of the purchase/cost price of the goods. But, under no circumstance, the percentage of the profit shall have any relation with time or expressed in relation with time, such as per month, per annum etc. ( The price once fixed as per agreement and deferred cannot be further increased. ( It is permissible for the bank to authorize any third party to buy and receive the goods on Bank behalf.The authorization must be in a separated contract. Bai-Muajjal: Bai-Muajjal may be defined as a contract between a buyer and seller under which the seller sells certain specific goods permissible under Islamic Shariah and law of the country to the buyer at an agreed fixed price payable at a certain fixed future date in lump sum or within a fixed period by him as per order a nd specification of the buyer. Important feature: I. Bank is not bound to declare cost of goods and profit mark-up separately to the client. II. Spot delivery of the item and payment is deferred. III.The bank transfers ownership and possession of the goods to the client before receipt of sale price. IV. Client may offer an order to purchase by the bank any specified goods and committing himself to buy the same from the Bank on Bai-Muajjal mode. V. It is permissible to make the promise binding upon the client to purchase from the bank. That is, he is either to satisfy the promise or to indemnify damage caused by breaking the promised. VI. Cash /Collateral Security should be obtained to guarantee the implementation of the promise or to indemnify the damages. VII.Mortgage / Guarantee /Cash Security may be obtained before / at the time of signing the agreement. VIII. Stock and availability of goods is a pre- condition for Bai- Muajjal agreement. The responsibility of the bank is to purc hase the desired goods at the disposal of the client to acquire ownership of the same before singing the Bai-Muajjal agreement with the client. IX. The Bank after purchase of good must bear the risk of goods until those are actually delivered to the client. X. The Bank must deliver the specified goods to client on the specified date and at specified place of delivery as per contract.XI. The Bank may sell the goods at one agreed price, which will include both the cost price and the profit. XII. The price once fixed as per agreement and deferred cannot be further in increased. Bai-Salam: Bai-Salam may be defined as a contract between a buyer and a seller under which the seller in advance in the certain commodity/products permissible under Islamic Shariah and the law of the land to the Buyer at an agreed price payable on execution of the said contract and the commodity products to the buyer at a future time in exchange of an advance price fully paid on the spot.Importance Features: Bai -salam is mode of investment allowed by Islamic Shariah in which commodity/product can be sold without having the said commodity (ies)/product(s) either in existence or physical/constructive possession of the seller. If the commodity /product are ready for sale, Bai-Salam is not allowed in Shariah. Then sale may be done either in Bai-Muajjal mode of investment. Generally, Industrial and agricultural products are purchased /sold in advance under Bai-Salam mode of investment to infuse finance so that product is not hindered due to shortage of fund/cash.I. It is permissible to obtain collateral security from the seller client to secure the investment from any hazards vis non-supply of supply of commodity (ies)/product, supply of low quality commodity (ies)/ product(s) etc. II. It is also permissible to obtain mortgage and /or personal guarantee from a third party as security before the signing of the agreement or at the time of signing the agreement. III. Bai-salam on a particular comm odity (ies)/product(s) or on a product of a particular field or farm cannot be affected. IV.The seller (manufacture) client may be made agent of the bank to sell the goods delivered to the bank by him provided a separated agency agreement is excuted between the bank and the client (agent). B. Share mechanism: Mudaraba: It is a from partnership where one party provides the funds while the other provides the expertise, labor and necessary business activities. The first party is called the Sahib-al Mall and the letter referred to at the Mudarib. Any profits accrued are shared between the two parties on a pre- agreed basis, while capital loss in exclusively born by the partner providing the capital.Important features: i. Bank supplies capital as Sahib-Al-Mall and the client invest if in the business with his experience. ii. Administration and management is maintained by the client, iii. Profit is divided as per agreement. iv. Bank bears the actual loss alone, v. Client can not take anot her investment for that specific business without the permission of the Bank. Musharakah: The term â€Å"Shirkat† and Musharaka† have been derived from Arabic words â€Å"Shairkah† and â€Å"Sharika† The word shirkah means a partnership between more than one partner.Thus the word â€Å"Musharaka† and â€Å"Shirkat† means a partnership established between two or more partners for purpose of a commercial venture participated both in the capital and management where the profit may be shared between the partners as per agreed upon ratio and the loss. If any incurred, is to be borne by the partners at per capital/equity ratio. In this case of Investment, â€Å"Musharaka† meaning a partnership between the Bank and the Client for a particular business in which both the Bank and the Client provide capital at an agreed upon ratio and manage the business jointly.Share the rent as per agreed upon ratio and bear the loss, if any in proportion to t heir respective equity. Bank may move itself with the selected Client for conducting any Shariah permissible business under Musharaka mode. Important features: †¢ Bank and client both supply capital Unequally/equally †¢ Profit is divided as per agreement and actual loss is divided as per equity. †¢ Client will maintain all accounts properly bank or its agent may verify or audit it. †¢ Banks can advice the client in such a business in respect of the business. Investment client will normally run and manage the business. †¢ The Bank shall take part in the policy and decision making as well as overseeing (supervision and monitoring) the operations of the business of the Client. The Bank may appoint suitable personal(s) to run the manage the business and to maintain books of accounts of the business property. †¢ As the investment client shall manage the enterprise, the Bank may pay more share of profit to him than that of his proportionate capital contributi on. Loss, if any, shall be shared on the basis of capital ratio. C.Hire Purchase under Shirkatul Melk: Hire Purchase under Shirkatul Melk is a Special type of contract that has been developed through practice. Actually, it is a synthesis of three contacts: i. Shirkat ii. Ijarah and iii. Sale These may be defined as follows: i) Shirkatul Melk: Shirkat means partnership. Shirkatul Melk means share in ownership. When two or more persons supply equity, purchase an asset, own the same jointly, and share the benefit as per agreement and bear the loss in proportion to their respective equity, the contract is calledShirkatul Melk contract. ii) Ijarah:The term Ijarah has been derived from the Arabic words (Air) and (Ujrat) which means consideration, return, wages or rent. This is really the exchange value or consideration, return, wages, rent of service f an asset. Ijarah has been defined as a contract between two parties, the Hiree and Hirer where the Hirer enjoys or reaps a specific servic e or benefit against a specified consideration or rent from the asset owned by the Hiree. It is a hire agreement under which the Hiree to a Hirer against fixed rent or rentals hires out a certain asset for a specified period. iii) Sale:This is a sale contract between a buyer and a seller under which the ownership of certain goods or asset is transferred by seller to the buyer against agreed upon price paid / to be paid by the buyer. Thus, in Hire purchase under Shirkatul Melk mode both the Bank and the Client supply equity in equal or unequal proportion for purchase of an asset like land, building, and machinery, transport etc. Purchase the asset with that quit money, own the same jointly, share the benefit as per agreement and bear the loss in proportion their respective equity.The share, part of portion of the asset owned by the bank is hired out to the client partner for a fixed rent per unit of time for a fixed period. Lastly the bank sells and transfers the ownership of its sha re/part/portion to the client against payment of price fixed for the either gradually part by part or in lump sum within the hire period or after expire of the hire agreement. 3. 5 Mode wise investment: 3. 5. 1 Mode wise investment performance: The mode wise investment performance of IBBL overall and the selected area is outlined below: (Fig. are in million) Modes |2005 |2006 |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 | |Bai-Murabaha |23522. 92 |31138. 88 |41731. 48 |51822. 28 |59465. 08 |73833 | |HPSM |14131. 48 |18065. 10 |23344. 46 |30046. 89 |39399. 18 |50201 | | Bai-Muajjal |4965. 76 |5512. 13 |5735. 29 |5917. 18 |6921. 37 |6546 | |Purchase and Nego. 1865. 26 |1801. 33 |2416. 64 |3179. 81 |4846. 62 |11040 | |Quard-E-Hasana |1298. 19 |1765. 65 |1694. 32 |1966. 13 |1974. 20 |1955 | |Bai-Salam |407. 08 |610. 27 |807. 14 |641. 44 |905. 61 |1153 | |Mudaraba |52. 00 |103. 00 |102. 00 |50. 00 |50. 00 |50 | |Musharaka |37. 2 |12. 13 |27. 13 |20. 42 |12. 95 |143 | |Total |46279. 71 |59008. 49 |75858. 46 | 94644. 15 |113575. 01 |144921 | 3. 5. 2 Percentage of the mode wise investment for the years: (In Tk %) |Modes |2005 |2006 |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |Mean | |Bai-Murabaha |50. 83 |52. 77 |55. 01 |55. 34 |52. 5 |50. 95 |52. 875 | |HPSM |30. 53 |30. 62 |30. 78 |32. 09 |34. 69 |34. 64 |32. 225 | |Bai-Muajjal |10. 73 |9. 34 |7. 56 |6. 32 |6. 09 |4. 52 |7. 4267 | |Purchase & Nego. |4. 03 |3. 05 |3. 19 |3. 40 |4. 27 |7. 62 |4. 26 | |Quard-E-Hasana |2. 81 |2. 99 |2. 23 |2. 10 |1. 74 |1. 5 |2. 2033 | |Bai-Salam |. 88 |1. 04 |1. 06 |0. 68 |0. 80 |0. 79 |0. 875 | |Mudaraba |. 11 |. 17 |. 13 |0. 05 |0. 04 |0. 03 |0. 0883 | |Musharaka |. 08 |. 02 |. 04 |0. 02 |0. 01 |. 10 |0. 045 | 3. 5. 3 Division wise investment of IBBL for the years: (Amount in Tk) Division |2009 |2010 | |Dhaka |72637666426 |91473695824 | |Chittagong |19020120156 |25609818224 | |Khulna |8336566722 |12605186181 | |Rajshahi |10129510794 |11572609603 | |Barishal |990277259 |1077373472 | |Sylhet |2460929772 |2581926291 | |Total | 113575071129 |144920609595 | 3. 5. 4 Mode wise investment performance of Mirpur Branch: (In Lac Tk) Modes |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008 (up to july 31 ) | |Bai-Murabaha |2551 |3432 |4521 |5072 |4815 | |HPSM |4821 |5906 |6627 |6531 |6155 | |Bai-Muajjal |243 |720 |857 |807 |797 | |QTDR |259 |139 |197 |211 |303 | |Musharaka |46 |00 |7 |7 |00 | |Baisalam |00 |78 |136 |133 |100 | |Others |94 |175 |337 |483 |499 | |Total |8014 |10450 |12682 |13244 |12669 | 3. 5. 5 Percentage of the mode wise investment of mirpur branch for the years: (In Tk %) |Modes |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008(up to july 31 )|Mean | |Bai-Murabaha |31. 83 |32. 84 |35. 65 |38. 30 |38. 00 |38. 54 | |HPSM |60. 16 |56. 52 |52. 26 |49. 31 |48. 58 |58. 22 | |Bai-Muajjal |3. 3 |6. 89 |6. 76 |6. 09 |6. 29 |6. 34 | |QTDR |3. 23 |1. 33 |1. 55 |1. 59 |2. 39 |2. 20 | |Musharaka |0. 57 |0. 00 |0. 06 |0. 05 |0. 00 |0. 15 | |Baisalam |0. 00 |0. 75 |1. 07 |1. 00 |0. 79 |0. 79 | |Others |1. 17 |1. 67 |2. 66 |3. 65 |3. 94 |2. 86 | 3. 5. Sector-wise investment performance of IBBL: (Amount in million Tk) |Year |Comm’l |Industrial |Agriculture |Real State |Transport |other |Total | |2005 |17534. 07 |19692. 68 |2350 |3581. 72 |1851. 32 |1270. 30 |46280. 61 | |2006 |20467. 76 |24480. 21 |2235. 29 |5204. 18 |2475. 11 |4144. 94 |59007. 49 | |2007 |26877. 02 |35593. 03 |3537. 17 |5785. 11 |2472. 46 |1593. 77 |75858. 56 | |2008 |29284. 21 |46063. 51 |6445. 67 |6813. 0 |2975. 12 |2061. 94 |93644. 15 | |2009 |28983. 80 |62642. 10 |5890 |8357. 80 |2722. 40 |4978. 97 |113575. 07 | |2010 |43877 |78788 |6485 |8588 |2656 |4527 |144921 | 3. 5. 7 Sector-wise investment performance of Pallabi Branch: Amount in Lac TK |Year |Comm’l |Industrial |Agriculture |Real State |Transport |Other | |2007 |2667 |1002 |000 |3404 398 |543 | |2008 |3520 |1790 |000 |4189 |393 |567 | |2009 |5385 |2582 |000 |3570 |376 |769 | |2010 |5132 |2591 |000 |4324 |401 |796 | |2008(up to july |4867 |2362 |000 |4196 |337 |907 | |31) | | | | | | | |Mean |4706. 4 |2253. 14 |0. 00 |4294. 47 |415. 64 |781. 53 | 3. 6 Sector wise Analysis: i) Analysis of investment under Commercial Sector:Graphical representation of investment under Commercial Sector is as follows: |Branch |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008 |Mean | |Mirpur |2667 |3520 |5385 |5132 |4867 |4269. 6 | From table and above graph we find that, the average investment in commercial sector is satisfactory. In 2006, 2007 total investment under commercial sector was too much favorable. It is so much good for the company. So overall the commercial investment of the bank is satisfactory. ii) Analysis of investment under Real Estate Sector:Graphical representation of investment under Real Estate Sector is as follows: |Branch |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008 |Mean | |Mirpur |3404 |4189 |3570 |4324 |4196 |4294. 47 | / From table and above graph we find that, the average investment under Real Estate Sector is Satisfactory.. It is so much good for the bank. So overall the Real Estate in vestment of the bank is satisfactory. iii) Analysis of investment under Transport Sector: Investment under Transport Sector is as follows: Branch |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008 |Mean | |Pallabi |398 |393 |376 |401 |337 |415. 64 | From table we find that, the average investment in transport sector is not satisfactory. It has declined in recent years. Where the attention is necessary by the bank. iv) Analysis of investment under Industrial Sector: Investment under the Sector is as follows: Industrial |Branch |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008 |Mean | |Pallabi |1002 |1790 |2582 |2591 |2362 |2253. 16 |From table we find that, the average investment in agricultural sector is increasing. In recent years the investment situation under this sector is satisfactory. v) Analysis of investment under Others Sector: Investment under Others Sector is as follows: |Branch |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008 |Mean | |Pallabi |543 |567 |769 |796 |907 |781. 53 | From table we find that, the average investment in o thers sector is the most satisfactory. The trend was then going to the upward since 2007. vi) Growth rate of total investment of Islami Bank Pallabi Branch: (Amount in â€Å"000†TK ) Branch |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008(Upto July 31) | |Pallabi |851900 |1149725 |1431864 |1532342 |1461006 | Growth rate of Total credit shows the positive or negative tendency of people to collect their fund from the respective institutions. The higher the growth rate of total credits the best for the organization and its profitability. From the table mentioned above it is found that, the highest growth rate of total credit shows in 2008. It is so good for the organization. vii) Profit and Investment of several year of Pallabi Branch: Year |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008(upto july) | |Total Investment |851900 |1149725 |1431864 |1532342 |1461006 | |Investment Income |68058 |89288 |139411 |156624 |89834 | |Profit on IBG A/C |62187 |74987 |124616 |161790 |88554 | |Net Invst Income |130245 |164275 |264 027 |318414 |178388 | viii) Profit and Investment Ratio: Total Profit received on Investment Profit and investment ratio = ————————————* 100Total amount of investment Figures in 000 Tk |Branch |2007 |2008 |2009 |2010 |2008 |Mean | |Pallabi |15. 29 |14. 29 |18. 44 |20. 78 |9. 99 |17. 19 | Here in the above two graph we see that the profit and investment ratio of the IBBL is in average position. ix) Distribution of Investment by Sectors (Public & Private): (M= Million Taka) |Year |IF |Public Sector |Private Sector |Total | | | |% |Amount |% |Amount | |2008 |71912 |5 |3596 |95 |68317 |71912 | |2009 |86295 |5 |4315 |95 |81980 |86295 | |2010 |103554 |5 |5178 |95 |98376 |103554 | That investment distribution in private and public sector both are more effective for any country. But the Islami bank distributes the maximum investment in private sector because it earned comparatively more profit from private sector. x) Distribution of Investments by Areas (Rural & Urban): (Amount in Taka) Year |Rural |Urban |Total | | |% |Amount |% |Amount | | |2009 |8. 68 |9862235033 |91. 32 |103712836096 |113575071129 | |2010 |7. 86 |11386885036 |92. 14 |133533724559 |144920609595 | From the above table it is found that Islami bank invested the maximum money in urban area. Because maximum entrepreneur and business man stay in urban place. However maximum organization established in urban area. i) Distribution of Investments by Areas (Rural & Urban) of Pallabi Branch: Total investment of Pallabi branch is in Urban areas. There is no rural investment. xii) Distribution of Investments by sector(private & public) of Pallabi Branch: Total investment of Pallabi branch is in private sector there is no public sector investment. xiii) Distribution of country wise Investments of IBBL: |Year |Within Bangladesh |Foreign country |Total | | |% |Amount |% |Amount | | |2009 |100 |113575071129 |0. 0 |0000 |11357507112 9 | |2010 |100 |144920609595 |0. 00 |0000 |144920609595 | 3. 7 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. 2. 3. 4. 1. SPECIAL INVESTMENT SCHEMES OF IBBL: CHAPTER-4 SWOT Analysis †¢ Strength †¢ Weakness †¢ Opportunities †¢ Threats 4. 1. 2. 1. CHAPTER-4 SWOT Analysis 4. 1 SWOT Analysis of IBBL: SWOT Analysis is used to evaluate the Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats in a business. It is a methodology used to aid strategic planning that gained popularity during the 80’s. It involves specifying the objective of the business or project and identifying the internal and external factors. 4. 2 Strength:After analyzing the present market condition, IBBL got the following strengths, which will be favorable to us to launch our business. Honest and reliable employees: All of the employees of IBBL are honest and reliable. They are always devoted themselves to the works for better services. Better Quality of Services: The IBBL will run profitable business by pro viding first-rate banking services in a caring, upscale, professional environment. More funds for investment: For adequate financial ability they can provide loan to more investment clients. Appropriate Organizational Structure: IBBL has the appropriate organizational structure. Organizational structure will be developed by the local and foreign expertise. 4. 3 Weakness:The weaknesses of IBBL are as follows. Inaduquate Human Resource: IBBL does not have an adequate human resource management so that it has to encounter about their employees as well as recruitment. It does not develop HR department yet. So that it cannot properly train up to its employee and motivate its employees to give them reward. The ignorance of time value of money: According to Islami Shari’ah the interest should be prohibited. In another word Islami economy does not take the time value of money into consideration. So IBBL does not consider time value of money though our country does not follow Islami ec onomy. Slow velocity of investment:The velocity of investment of IBBL is very slow compared to other banks. It takes in excess of time while investing in a project. 4. 4 Opportunities: Looking at current marketing environment, the following opportunities of IBBL are being visible. More Market Share: As Islami banking is a growing type of business in Bangladesh, IBBL has a great opportunity to capture a large amount of market share. Many Islami banks are turning their faces towards conventional banking to capture market share, but IBBL will not compromise with its quality. It will maintain strictly Islami Shari’ah and will provide the best service to its clients to capture market share. More Market Growth:IBBL has the better HR than any other banks in Bangladesh. Their strategy making and implementing will ensuring to achieve a large amount of market growth. 4. 5 Threats: The following factors may occur as unfavorable phenomena for IBBL. Threat of New Entrants: New entrants to an industry impose several threats to existing competitors. New competitors can reduce the market share of all participants by dividing the â€Å"pie† into more pieces. They also may bring new technology or greater resources not available to present competitors and achieve a high market share position quickly to the detriment of all existing participants. So if any new entrants will be big threat for IBBL. Preference Diversity:Client’s preferences can be the most acute threat to any company. It can change any times. If the consumers think that they should prefer any other services rather that for the ultimate comfort, it could be the worst danger to IBBL. Political Unrest: Now-a-days political unrest becomes common phenomenon in a nation as well as the whole world. World is place of intense political unrest. So, political unrest can be harmful for IBBL. Financial Risk: Financial risk is the part of every business. Banks can increase the interest rate; insurance compan y can demand more premium or competitor can offer services in lower price. Economic Change: Changes in economic circumstances can be harmful for the IBBL.Personal income, savings, employment, and price level trends can have dramatic effects on the attractiveness of a firm's products or services in output markets not only final markets, but intermediate markets as well. CHAPTER-5 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS †¢ Analysis of finding problem †¢ Recommendations †¢ Conclusion †¢ Bibliography CHAPTER-5 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5. 1 Analysis of finding problem: I have identified some problems and limitations in Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited while working in Mirpur-10 branch. For these problems IBBL cannot provide best services to its customers as well as customers are not getting ultimate service from IBBL. These problems are given follows: ) Major Investment of IBBL is on commercial and Industrial sectors. ii) Minimum amount of investment is on agricultural sector. iii) IBBL always invest welfare oriented sectors. iv) Large portion of investment is invested by mode of Baimorabaha that is 53. 26%. v) Maximum amount of investment is in Dhaka division. vi) Total investment of IBBL is increasing gradually. vii) No Islami money market is available. Easily money transaction is not possible without the Interest based banking system. viii) No Islami money market is available. Easily money transaction is not possible for the Interest based banking system. ix) IBBL cannot syndicate the other conventional banks. ) Lack of proper supervision. xi) Lack of stable economic condition. xii) Lack of skilled manpower. xiii) Inadequate legal framework. xiv) Unfavorable business environment. xv) Lack of opportunities for profitable investment. xvi) Political unrest. xvii) Customer service is not so much well. xviii) There is no sufficient and high bandwidth Internet connection available in the bank. So, bank cannot ensure better service for all Customers outward city. xix) Some few desks use obstacle instruments and take a huge time to accomplish a particular task. xx) It lacks workforce in general banking section. Employees are not that much motivated to work due to excessive workloads. xi) People still confuse IBBL’s products to conventional banks. For example, people frequently call Mudaraba Special Savings (Pension) Scheme or MSS as DPS like conventional banks. xxii) In a beginning and ending day of the week, the flow of customer is so high so at time handling of the customer is so difficult and that show the lack of professional image. xxiii) The decoration system of the bank is not a planned way and the floor, furniture, other materials are not cleaned in a right way and every time so the working condition is not comfortable. xxiv) Sunday and Thursday is very gathering in account opening, cheque issue, cheque received and pay order. xv) Some purpose they provide cash loan to the clients, for example Hire Purchase under Shirkatu l Melk Real Estate 5. 2 Recommendations: Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited has achieved outstanding success during last twenty six years, but competition is being increased simultaneously. Lots of banks are being opened and many banks are opening Islami banking division. To survive as number one position IBBL has to do lots of things. Some of these are suggested below: 1. IBBL should increase investment in agricultural sector because Bangladesh is an agricultural country. 2. IBBL should increase their investment in public sector because their maximum investment is in private sector. 3.Bangladesh is rural base country, So IBBL should increase their investment in rural area. 4. Operational cost should be minimized. 5. IBBL should try to improve the deposit investment ratio for higher productivity. 6. To decentralize the decision-making authority of the bank. 7. Modern method should be introduced for increasing management information system and accounting information system. 8. IBBL is al lowed to determine the rate of profit on deposits and advance. 9. The productivity of the bank may be raised by better funds management and portfolio management improving recycling of funds and developing other income from the business activities of the bank. 10. Purpose oriented training program. 11.Encouraging development of positive and cooperative relationship between management and trade union. 12. Better industrial relationships participatory decision-making etc, is needed to improve the high productivity for the bank. 13. They should improve their customer service. 14. The branch should introduce fully computerized system as soon as possible to reduce time, labor and cost. 15. A large office space should immediately be allocated for this branch. 16. To operate General Banking operations smoothly, some people should immediately be appointed. 17. A prime location should be selected and interior designer should be hired in decorating office. 18. Number of office assistants shoul d be increased. 19.Employees should be smooth behave with customer basically in account opening and convince them. Some other suggestions may be in brief: ? Awareness programs can be arranged for the clients to have a clear view of IBBL products. ? Authorized employees should be monitored to be available at their located divisions ? Branches need to be 100% automated ? Online service should be every where ? Client selection should be cautious ? Overdue should be regularly monitored and minimized ? The information should be available about the investment products and their costs of fund ? Bank documents should be easy and clear to the clients 5. 3 Conclusion: Once upon a time, most of the people didn’t understand interest-free banking system.They never thought that it is possible to provide banking facilities without interest but in passage of time, now it is clear that in Islam there as a banking procedure though profit / less sharing basis. In course of time problems have re duced but not delaminated. This bank is trying to operate their activities according to Islami Shariah. If the Govt. becomes conscious to solve these problems and the banker become cordial and cooperative, the problems may be reduced to a greater extent The Gradual and successful globalization of Islami Banking coupled with growing awareness of the people about its financial and social benefits makes it clear that the next century is going to be the century of Islami Banking. It would be very difficult for them to survive as a number one position, if their service qualities remain constant.Big clients are switching to other bank for this reason bank is losing huge market share. They should pay more attention to big clients. It is also true that maintain Shari’ah and pay special attention to particular person is very difficult. Innovative product should be launched by Islami bank Bangladesh limited such as credit card, investment in education sector to cope with present situat ion. This project will help IBBL to get advantage over others. Special training should be given to employees to develop their behavior. 5. 4 Bibliography: ———————– CHAIRMAN VICE CHAIRMAN DIRECTORS EXECUTIVE PRESIDENT DEPUTY EXECUTIVE PRESIDENT EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENTSENIOR VICE PRESIDENTS VICE PRESIDENTS ASSISTANT VICE PRESIDENT Second Officer (Senior Principal Officer) Investment Department (Principal Officer) Foreign Exchange (Principal Officer) General Department (Principal Officer) Senior Officer Assistant Officer (Grade–II) Assistant Officer (Grade–I) Officer Senior Officer Officer Officer Probationary Officer Assistant Officer (Grade–II) Assistant Officer (Grade–I) Assistant Officer (Grade–II) Assistant Officer (Grade–I) Manager a) Bai-Murabaha b) Bai-Muajjal c) Bai-Salam d) Istishna’a a) Mudaraba b) Musharaka a) Hire Purchase b) Hire Purchase Under shirkatul Melk Bai- Me chanism Share Mechanism Ijara Mechanism

Tvs Two Wheelers Spesifications Essay Example

Tvs Two Wheelers Spesifications Essay Example Tvs Two Wheelers Spesifications Essay Tvs Two Wheelers Spesifications Essay TVS deals with a wide number of bikes of TVS Motors. The various two wheelers that are sold by TK. TVS through its head office as well as eight outlets are as follows TVS scooty Pep+ TVS Star city TVS Star sport TVS Flame TVS Apache RTR 160 FI TVS Apache RTR 180 menace TVS Scooty Streak TVS Centra TVS Super XL TVS Fearo FX TVS Fearo FX-2 TVS Victor GLX-125 TVS Wego 1. TVS Scooty Pep+ The Scotty Pep+ is renovated version of the old Scotty Pep. It has a new 90cc eco-friendly engine, which meets sufficiently the largest low emission norms. It available In violet, red, pink also in perky pink colures. This scooter aims mainly the young girls. Its 90cc engine gives a top power the same time rendering a light weight performance. This scooter is especially comfortable for both men women. This scooter is designed keeping in mind the changing needs of two wheeler customers. The main features of Scooty Pep+ are as follows Mobile charger socket Light luggage space Puncture resistant tyres Auto chock Power-economy mode Hydraulic shock absorbers Glow ring around key whole 2. TVS Star City Star city is a 100cc bike that aimed at customer who need high fuel efficiency, less cost, high performance etc. This bike gives a better performance rather than any other bikes of the same segment, gives a sporty look too. The head lamps have been renovated with visor alloy wheels have given the star city a much more stylish look. The graphics used in this bike is laser graphics ,this gives colorfulness to the bike. This bike is coming under the executive series of TVS. It definitely grab the attention of people immediately. this bike is available in black, blue, maroon colors. 3. TVS Star Sport Star sport is a 110cc engine bike with the new VTi technology. This technology offers better performance, excellent pick up ensuring high mileage etc. This is one of the cheapest rate bikes available in the market. Company offers a 5 year warranty for this bike. Star sport comes with a dual tone alloy graphics, alloy wheels and excellent speedometer design. This bike aims the average users who need more mileage. Star sport provides better features at lowest price. Bike is available in three colors, silver, red black with two variations. 4. TVS Flame This is a latest bike of TVS motors. The first deciding factor of every bike in India is it’s price. Flame is available in two options, with disk brake without disk brake. With disc brake it costs 45000 Rs without 30000 Rs {ex-showroom price Chennai}. Duel lens projected tail lamp is an attraction of flame. It ensures a minimum mileage of 60 km/ltr. Similar 125cc bikes cannot provide this mileage. CCVTi engine which uses three valve and twin spark plugs produce a maximum of 10. 5 bhp @ 8250 rpm. This engine ensures pleasant power delivery is progressive. 5. TVS Apache RTR 160 FI TVS Apache RTR 160 FI is the most stunning motorcycle in the TK TVS. Stable is a reply to the dreams of the younger generation. It is the only 160cc motorcycle that is produced by TVS motors co. TVS Apache gives a very much better performance than any other 150cc bike produced in India. It has a good handling and great styling, which makes it a favorite among college students and youngsters. The apache has a better gearbox than its close competitors and also a fresher styling. The apache is all packed with a 160cc, 15. 7 bhp engine and a 5 speed gearbox and gas shock absorbers. 6. Apache RTR 180 Menace Apache RTR 180 Menace is a stunning bike from TVS. This is a newer bike of TVS includes a Single Cylinder, Air Cooled, 4 Stroke Engine which produce 17. bhp power @ 8500 rpm. This bike aims the youth teen agers who are in craze of two wheelers. The 180cc engine gives high pick up and a maximum Max Torque of 1. 58 KGM @ 6500 RPM. The newly feature of the new Apache is its braking system, both front and back wheels are disk brake, ensures better road safety. This bike is designed for youngsters so it give emphas ize on its graphics too. This bike is available in three colors, black, white red with stylish graphics 7. TVS Scooty Streak TVS Scooty Streak is a 4 stroke single cylinder forced air cooled engine scooter designed for women especially for young girls. This 87cc scooter gives power of 68 kw (5 bhp) @ 6500 rpm. This two wheeler is a revised edition of scooty pep. The maximum speed of this scooter is 74 km/hr. The changing trends of college girls women are deeply analyzed by the TVS team and this scooty is the final product of the study. It will fulfill the needs of the women. Scooty Streak is available in three colors, red, pink black. 8. TVS Centra India’s leading auto company TVS motors has unveiled TVS Centra V- TI bike in the popular segment of 100 cc in India. Launched with the latest VTI (Variable Timing Intelligent) engine technology, the company claims this new bike Centra to be the most fuel efficient bike in India. TVS centra packed with innovative technologies and superb design promises style, mileage and riding comfort. Centra will be featuring the all improved muffler guard, chrome – plated tarn signal lamps and new engine guard, large fuel tank and broad seat. At the heart of TVS centra lies the super efficient100 cc VTI engine that has been developed house by TVS motors. It will generate 7. 5 brake horse powers (bhp) @ 7250 rpm making it a powerful motor cycle in its class. VT-I (variable timing intelligent)contains the dual spark plugs and a microprocessor control system that adjusts the ignition timing based sensors that feed it information, such as engine delivers superior performance and great fuel economy 9. TVS Super XL TVS super XL launched by TVS motor company is a heavy -duty moped built keeping in mind the requirements of the farmers in the rural sector. Packed with super safety fuel thank lock, super spree do meter and ignition control, super styling and graphics and super multi reflector headlamps and indicators, it is the best bet when it comes to endurance and long hours ’ journey . TVS super XL has got a powerful 70 cc engine with kick start along with high reliability with auto wet clutch system. It ensures improved safety with its 110 mm rear brakes and has got inbuilt easy wheel removal mechanism. With QD wheel system . And last but not the least, TVS super XL ensure safe night riding with a powerful 12V head lamp and a bigger and more comfortable seat 10. TVS Fiero FX TVS motors India’s leading auto company has launched TVS Fiero FX under its popular Fiero brand. This latest bike from the flagship company of TVS group comes with dynamic looking body with lots of power packed features. At the heart of TVS Fiero lies the aggressive single cylinder, air – cooled, four – stroke 150 cc engines that generates a peak power of 12 bhp at 7000 rpm and a maximum torque of 10. s nm at 6500 rpm. Loaded with CV carburetor, hydraulic suspension system and longer wheelbase, Fiero proves its mettle on the front of performance with comfort of safe riding. TVS Fiero FX comes with number of attractive features that include new round head lamps, new twin pod instruments cluster comprising the speedometer and trip tachometer 11. TVS Fiero FX 2 TVS Fiero FX 2 is a dynamic looking body with lots of power packed features. The all new twin pod instrument cluster comprises the speedometer and trip tachometer. Triple rated 5-step shock absorber at the rear and hydraulically damped front suspension parts stability and comfort. As for mileage and pickup, the bike scores good. This bike is equipped with a 4stroke air cooled OHC engine producing maximum power of 12 bhp (8. 95kW)@7000rpm and torque of 10. 5 nm @ 6500 rpm. It is CV carburetor operates a pressure sensitive diaphragm with constant vacuum allowing smooth power transition . Engine response is determined by digitally mapped ignition system. Power economy mode ensures better pick up and mileage results. 12. TVS Victor NEW GLX 125 Riding the new TVS Victor GLX is like a dream coming true for those bike buyers who looks for a 125 cc motorcycle with flashy design, high mileage and performance. The cool body line paired with attractive styling and dazzling color options has been nicely complimented with the new age VTi engine technology to deliver sensational power of 10 bhp with excellent mileage. TVS Victor GLX is the electric start option bike gas filled shock absorbers. The bike comes in new graphics and alloy wheels which add to the sporty style. It is a lookout for better styling and power. The fuel tank comes with a more rounded line with an aircraft styled fuel filler lid. Victor GLX is powered by 10 brake horse power (bhp). For the safety of the rider, angular lens, dominating multi reflector headlamp and side stand alarm has been added. The bike provides nimble handling and riding comfort enabling easy maneuvering even in heavy traffic. 13. TVS Wego With the battle for the third spot fought hard between TVS Motors and HMSI, both the companies have pushed the ‘Launch’ button. After aggressive launches from Honda, TVS has ensured that they do not left behind. With the clutch less wonder Jive, TVS has launched the 110cc unisex scooter Wego in Pune a few days back in a bid to make sure that the product reaches all major potential parts of the country. HMSI leads the scooter market with their omnipresent Activa followed by other similar models. Wego is a direct attempt at the largest selling Activa in a bid to regain the lost ground.

History and Culture of Jamaica Essays

History and Culture of Jamaica Essays History and Culture of Jamaica Essay History and Culture of Jamaica Essay disease and war the aboriginal people were exterminated in about two hundred years . The Spanish conquistadors had no interest in converting the natives to Christianity ,like they did with the Aztecs or the Mayans in south America, so they literally worked the Tainos to death. Bit by bit they were replaced by African slaves from which the modern black population descends from. The Spanish rule lasted until 1655 ,when the English seized the island after many years of pirate attacks, even though they where recognized as rulers of the island only in 1670 through the Treaty of Madrid. Slavery was abolished by the English only in 1834 after hundreds of thousands slaves died on the sugar cane plantations. Jamaiaca remained an English posesion until 1962 when independence but remained part of the English Commonwealth. I find Jamaica interesting not only for it’s history but especially for it’s culture. Jamaican culture, at least its music, has , over the years sprung different music genres ,music trends and artists. Jamaica is the birthplace of genres like ska , dub and reggae and in recent years dancehall or jungle. Not even the English language remained unchanged in Jamaica , most of the population speak Patwah or Patois, which is a mixture between American English, British English ,French and African dialects. Adapting the English language gave birth to a new dialect that has transformed a sentence like: †The children are making to much noise† into â€Å"Di pickney, dem a mek too much nize† or â€Å"Those boys are hungry, you should give them something to eat† into â€Å"Den de bwoy dem belly a yawn,yu a fi gi dem sintin fi heat†. Jamaicans have their own take on Christianity, the island being the birthplace of a philosophical and religious movement called Rastafarianism, a religious cult that accepts the former emperor of Ethiopia, Haile Selassie I as God incarnate, to whom they refer as Jah. One f the most visited islands in the Caribbean Jamaica isn’t just sun, sand and palm tries ,it’s people, it’s culture and it’s history have something special to offer to anyone who’s interested in human cultures, human habits and beliefs. Jamaica’s motto: †Out of many, one people† speeks greatily about the cultura l and racial diversity of the island, who over the years come to incorporate all the different customs of it’s inhabitants in to the national culture heritage. These next pages will show that, from a cultural point of view, Jamaica is one of the richest countries in the world. Early history Jamaica’s ancient history is one of tribal colonization from south America from where different tribes arrived on canoes between 5000 BC and 900. The first people to colonize Jamaica were the Guanahatabey, a tribe of Amerindians who arrived on the island somewhere between 5000 B. C. and 4000 B. C and came from the Yucatan Peninsula. They were cave dwelling people,who used basic tools for fishing and gathering. They were peaceful people who lived in very small groups, without interacting with the outside world. Not very much is known about them and their culture, due to their primitive social and intellectual status. The next wave of Amerindian tribes who came on the island, were the Saladoid or Igneris that arrived in 300 A. D. They came from the Orinoco region in Venezuela and were the first Arawakans to arrive in Jamaica. They, unlike the Guanahatabey had a form of social organization and had a skill in fine ceramics. DUJO But the most influential of the south American tribes who inhabited at one moment the island were the Tainos. Tainos were also Arawakans who came in two different waves on the island, first in 650 A. D. and then in 900 A. D. The Tainos didn’t colonize only Jamaica, they controlled all the islands in the Greater Antilles, the Lesser Antilles and the Bahamas. They named the island Xaymaca, meaning the land of springs and water, from which the modern names derives. In a few years they absorbed the Saladoids and their culture, making them slaves and denying them of Tainos luxuries such as hammocks and cassava (manioc). Tainos lived in villages called â€Å"yucayeque† in the center of which existed a plaza were ceremonies and other social events took place. Most of the population lived in large circular buildins called â€Å"bohio†, made from wooden poles and palm leaves. They were constructed near the town plaza and could house 10 to 15 families. The town chief or â€Å"cacique† and his family would live in rectangular buildings called â€Å"caney†. In every Taino home there were cotton hammocks, mats made from palms, wooden chairs (dujo) and cradles for children. BATEY COURT Tainos played â€Å"batey†, a ceremonial game very similar to modern volleyball, in which two teams of ten to thirty men or women had to score points for their village, as the game was played for the resolve of problems between different communities. The game was played in the village plaza or on specially designed ball courts. Taino society was composed of two social groups: â€Å"naborias†, who were the Saladoid slaves and â€Å"nitainos†, the Taino nobility. They were governed by the â€Å"caciques†, who were either males or females, and had supreme power. They were advised by priests/healers called â€Å"bohiques†, who could talk to the Taino gods. Taino were mainly farmers, growing cassava, â€Å"batata† (sweet potato) and tobacco, but they would also eat fish, lizards, turtles or birds. They were master carvers and didn’t wear clothes except for a small apron worn by married women. From a religious point of view, life was very complex, as Taino believed in â€Å"zemis† or â€Å"cemis†(gods and spirits). The two supreme gods in Taino culture were: Yucahu(spirit of the cassava) the god of cassava and sea and Atabey(Yucahu’s mother), who was the goddess of fresh water and fertility. Other gods include: Boinayel and his twin brother Marohu who are the gods of rain and weather respectively, Guabancex the goddess of storms and Deminan Caracaracol a male hero from whom the Tainos believed to have descended from. Before special ceremonies Tainos used to induce vomiting by swallowing a stick or by fasting and sniff a hallucinogenic powder called â€Å"cohoba† prepared from beans. TAINO DOLL Also they used to pierce their ears and noses as sacrifice for the gods. Technologically wise Tainos would make fish nets and ropes from hemp and cotton, canoes (that could carry up to 150 people) from palm trees and as a weapon they would use the â€Å"macana† a wooden club one inch thick. The â€Å"macana† came in use when a warrior tribe from south America , the Caribs, tried to seize the island on several occasions . Ironically, the thing that stop them was the arrival of the Spanish on the island. Columbus found out about Jamaica from the Tainos in Cuba, but he failed to land on the island on his first attempt as 40 war canoes repelled him and his vessels. Non the less the conquistadors eventually landed on the island at Cow’s Bay, as they named it , where they were greeted , to their surprise, by a cacique and his followers. It is said that after seeing the cacique and the warriors with him who were dressed in bright feathered cloaks and head dressed with ornaments, made of semiprecious stones, around their necks and foreheads, and faces painted with different colours, Columbus said that the cacique he encountered in Jamaica was â€Å"the most intelligent and civilized leader in the New World†. This initial respect for each others culture did not last, as the Spanish, as they did elsewhere, killed al the caciques and turned the rest of the native population in to slaves. Not only slavery caused the wipe-out of the Taino population in Jamaica, but also European diseases like smallpox or the plague, who hit the island in 1520. It is even said that Tainos were killed for training by the Spanish soldiers on the island. All these things combined, plus a massive wave of suicides wiped clean the island of it’s natives. So at the moment of the British takeover there was virtually no Tainos left on the island, although in 1598 the Governor of Jamaica Fernando Melgarejo made an attempt to save the few Tainos left, by putting them in a reservation but the colonists refused as they would have no more slaves to work the land. Much of the records that survived about this interesting civilization is written by Spanish explorers as the Tainos had no written language. Tainos and their legacy are present even in the English language, in which we can find words of Taino descent: barbacoa (barbecue), hammaca(hammock), canoa(canoe), tabaco(tobacco), yuca(yucca), and huracan(hurricane). British takeover It was not until 1655, however, that the Spanish were driven from the island by Admiral William Penn and General Robert Venables. The Spanish were forced to flee the island but not before freeing the slaves who took to the hills where they remained a constant thorn in the side of the English. In an effort to settle the island Oliver Cromwell issued his famous proclamation, which granted land to British citizens who were willing to settle on the island. In 1656 approximately 1,600 immigrants arrived and settled around Port Morant. Although the Spaniards were driven out they never gave up hope of recapturing the island of Jamaica and in 1658 another Spanish force landed but was defeated at the decisive battle at Rio Nuevo. The island began to prosper under the rule of the British. Great wealth was brought to the island by the buccaneers, who operated mainly from Port Royal, by plundering Spanish ships which transported gold and silver from South America. By the late Seventeenth Century, Port Royal had earned the reputation of being the richest and the wickedest city in the world. In 1692 this town suffered destruction by an earthquake in which more than half of the town sank beneath the sea. This signaled the end of piracy in the West Indies. The second half of the Seventeenth Century saw the beginning of the sugar revolution. Large parcels of land were planted in sugar cane. The whole process of making sugar required a huge labour force. The English planters sought various groups to provide the much needed labour. African slavery was not new to the West Indies and had been introduced by the Spanish and the Portuguese. Later, the Dutch supplied slaves from Africa, and they taught the English the techniques necessary for the production of sugar. The Africans brought in were from many tribes, although the majority were Coromantees from the Gold Coast, Eboes from the Bight of Benin and Mandingoes. The Coromantees are described as being a strong, brave, proud and fierce race. Most of the slave revolts in Jamaica were led by Coromantee slaves. The slaves were divided into two main groups, the field slaves and the domestic/house slaves. In the case of the former they were further divided into skilled workers such as carpenters, coopers, drivers, masons, blacksmiths, and unskilled workers, that is, those who worked in the field. Punishment was a regular part of estate life and ranged from lashings, to maiming and ultimately death. There was resistance to slavery by slaves, both passive and active. Examples of passive resistance included poisoning of masters, destruction of property, and infanticide. In the case of active resistance, there were open rebellions, and many slaves ran away and joined forces with the slaves who were set free by the Spanish or who had fled to the interior hills of the island. They were later called Maroons. In 1735 1739 they fought against the British in what was called the First Maroon War. Although Jamaicas sugar industry continued to grow and provide England with great wealth it was not without its problems. For instance, wars throughout the Eighteenth Century, caused a reduction in trade between the colonies and Great Britain. The lack of supplies affected the health of the slaves, and ultimately lowered the production of sugar. The abolition of the slave trade in 1807, marked the beginning of the end of slavery and the economic power of the Jamaican planters. By 1813, the wealth of the West Indian planters could no longer muffle the cries of the abolitionists and humanitarians to free the slaves. Consequently, in 1833 slavery was abolished in the British West Indies and a system of apprenticeship was adopted. The objective of the apprenticeship system was to help the slaves adjust to their free status and to supply the planters with a source of constant labour until they could adjust to full wage labour. HOUSE OF CORRECTION The abuses of the system brought about a premature end to slavery and in 1838 full freedom was given. Although taken from their country of origin the slaves retained some aspects of their culture. In the case of their language some African words, such as nyam, duckunnoo, patoo, and language patterns which include the repetition of a word, as in the case of chaka chaka meaning chaotic, and little little meaning very small, were retained. The abolition of slavery saw a rise in the construction of Free Villages, and growth in peasant farming. There was also an increase in the membership of Nonconformist Churches and a system of education for the free blacks was introduced. In addition, the planters fear of mass migration of ex-slaves from the plantation saw the introduction of other racial groups to replace slave labour. Groups brought in included Europeans (Germans, Scots and Portuguese), Free Africans, Chinese and East Indians. Although many things had changed, social conditions remained more or less the same for blacks. By the 1860s the situation had worsened and gave rise to what was later called, the Morant Bay Rebellion. The Morant Bay Rebellion brought about some changes in Jamaica, firstly, the system of Government changed from Representative to Crown Colony (or direct Crown rule), secondly, the Anglican Church was disestablished, thirdly, the Institute of Jamaica was founded to encourage literature, science and art. By 1872 the capital was transferred from Spanish Town to Kingston. There was an improvement in the water supply and a number of schools were established. There was a shift from sugar to banana production. The Great War (1914 1918) gave many Jamaicans the opportunity to travel which in turn helped to shape their views of the system of Government. In addition, during the early Twentieth Century, many Jamaicans left in search of employment in the Panama Canal Zone, and in Costa Rica, Cuba and Honduras to work on the plantations. The movement of people brought about a change in ideas by the 1920s. Marcus Mosiah Garvey, who promoted unity among blacks and pride in their race, became a prominent figure during this period. Port Royal-pirate capital Jamaica, and especially its former capital Port Royal were the launch base for almost all pirate and buccaneer efforts in the Caribbean. From the â€Å"wickedest city on earth† to a thriving commercial centre of the New World, Port Royal, Jamaica, has been the subject of much popular interest. While the image of a decadent and lavish city bears some truth, it obscures a more complex history of English colonization and the African slave trade, of skilled craftsmen as well as crafty men, , of urban devastation and preservation- all of which is part of the story of a town whose sleepy present hides its past of excitement and intrigue. Soon after their arrival in Jamaica in 1655, the English began a defence of Port Royal against recapture by the Spanish. To protect the harbour, they hastily erected Fort Cromwell, which was renamed Fort Charles following the crowning of Charles II in 1660. By the time of the earthquake in 1692, an impressive array of forts and stone lines encircled Port Royal, making it one of the most heavily defended cities in the Caribbean. In the years immediately following the English conquest, Jamaica remained vulnerable to Spanish attacks. Thus, Governor Edward D’Oyley enticed buccaneers, who were already preying on ships in the region, to occupy Port Royal and provide the city with maritime protection. Since the English government officially commissioned these pirates, they were known as ‘privateers’. The most infamous of them, Henry Morgan, was commissioned in 1668 and carried out several spectacular raids against Spanish fleets and ports. Though the Treaty of Madrid between England and Spain in 1670 abolished privateering, the practice continued. After being appointed the lieutenant-governor of Jamaica in 1674, Sir Henry Morgan apparently both suppressed and encouraged privateers. During the 1660s and 1670s, the privateers brought tremendous wealth into Port Royal in the form of Spanish silver, gold and precious stones. This wealth, in turn, allowed the residents of the city to carry out a flourishing trade in European staples and luxury goods- such as wines, sweet meats, refined clothing and jewellery, and to import porcelain from China and ivory from Africa. By 1692 Port Royal had an estimated population of 6,500, of whom perhaps 2,500 were enslaved Africans. Many of the white residents of the city were indentured servants. Though a portion of the population lived in great luxury, most survived under much more humble circumstances. In 1680 there were approximately 1,000 houses in Port Royal, built in a manner that resembled an English town. Large houses were often multi-story brick structures with four-room floor plans. Ground floor rooms that fronted the street were sometimes used for shops or offices. In their private chambers, ladies fussed and tidyed up themselves, received guests and wrote letters. A man’s bedchamber, on the other hand, doubled as his office or study(a place to secure money, weapons and books). The splendour of the finest homes was comparable to that of London. Official events were grand displays of the King’s authority with parades and the changing of fort guards to fife and drum bands. While there were lavish balls and banquets, much of Port Royal’s social life revolved around the numerous taverns and included the usual drinking, brawls, smoking, eating and even sleeping. Other activities, considered inappropriate contributed to the city’s reputation for decadence and wickedness. Though freewheeling, Port Royal was certainly not all wicked. According to observer John Taylor: â€Å"they allow of a free toleration of all religions†. Indeed, there were Roman Catholics, Presbyterians, Quakers and Jews, along with the Anglican congregations of Christchurch and Saint Paul’s. It was about 11:42 am on Wednesday, June 7, 1692. The residents of Port Royal were retiring home, or to a tavern, for a drink and their meals when a roar came from the hills across the harbour. Shockwaves had the land suddenly â€Å"rowling and moving† and, within minutes, three tremors tore through the ground. The sea swept in from all sides. The earthquake had struck. An anonymous eyewitness stated: â€Å"The sand in the street rose like the waves of the sea, lifting up all persons that stood upon it, and immediately dropping down into pits; and at the same instant a flood of water rushed in, throwing down all who were in its way; some were seen catching hold of beams and rafters of houses, others were found in the sand that appeared when the water was drained away, with their legs and arms out†. By the end, only 25 of Port Royal’s original 60 acres remained and 2. 00 people were killed instantly. One Port Royal resident, a Frenchman named Lewis Galdy, was swallowed up by the earth and subsequently spewed out alive. Most, however, did not have his good fortune. To many, the calamity was a sign of God’s wrath, His retribution upon this â€Å"Sodom of the Indies† with its hosts of reckless pirates, prostituates and moneylenders. Following the earthquake, survivors established Kingston across the harbour but did not abandon Port Royal. The community rebuilt itself, though it continued to be devastated by fires, hurricanes and earthquakes. In 1951 Hurricane Charlie wiped out Port Royal, leaving only a few of its wooden buildings standing. The old Naval Hospital, which remained intact, provided a safe home for almost the entire population. Once again, the citizens of Port Royal rebuilt their town. Surviving buildings of the naval station served as a police academy and small military base and, at present, provide a headquarters for the Jamaica Coast Guard. Today, Port Royal’s ruins from the 1692 earthquake appear as ghostly silhouettes at the bottom of the shallow waters surrounding the existing town. Since the 1950s, countless artefacts have been recovered through underwater archaeological excavations, though less than 10% of the catastrophic site has been surveyed to date. Whether crushed, mangled or shattered, these artefacts are evidence of the history of a town that has seen many defeats as well as numerous attempts at rebirth. In 1999 the Jamaica National Heritage Trust designated Port Royal a National Heritage Site. The underwater city is undeniably one the world’s archaeological wonders. Jamaican culture 1. Religion The Rastafari movevement or Rastafarianism is a â€Å"messianic religio-political movement† that began in the Jamaican slums in the 1920’s and 1930’s . The most famous Rastafari is Bob Marley, whose reggae music gained the Jamaican movement international recognition. There is significant variation within the Rastafari movement and no formal organization. Some Rastafarians see Rasta more as a way of life than a religion. But uniting the diverse movement is belief in the divinity and/or messiahship of Ethiopian Emperor Haile Selassie I, the influence of Jamaican culture, resistance of oppression, and pride in African heritage. The Rastafarian lifestyle usually includes ritual use of marijuana, avoidance of alcohol, the wearing of hair in dreadlocks, and vegetarianism. Followers of the Rastafari movement are known as Rastafarians, Rastafaris, Rastas, or Ras Tafarians. The movement is named or Ras Tafari Makonnen, who was crowned Emperor Haile Selassie I of Ethiopia in 1930. Rastafari developed in the slums of Kingston, Jamaica, in the 1920s and 30s. In an environment of great poverty, depression, racism and class discrimination, the Rasta message of black pride, freedom from oppression, and the hope of return to the African homeland was gratefully r eceived. The Rastafarian movement began with the teachings of Marcus Garvey (1887-1940), a black Jamaican who led a â€Å"Back to Africa† movement. He taught that Africans are the true Israelites and have been exiled to Jamaica and other parts of the world as divine punishment. Garvey is regarded as a second John the Baptist and famously prophesied in 1927, â€Å"Look to Africa, for there a king shall be crowned. †On November 2, 1930, Ras Tafari Makonnen was crowned emperor of Ethiopia (he ruled until 1974). At his coronation he took the name Haile Selassie, meaning â€Å"Might of the Trinity. † Followers of Garveys teachings believed that Selassie is the messiah that had been predicted, and that his coronation indicated the divine punishment was completed and the return to Africa would begin. Rastafarians named their movement for Ras Tafari and regarded the emperor as the physical presence of God (Jah) on earth. Haile Selassie was an Ethiopian Orthodox Christian who denied his divine status as proclaimed in Jamaica. In a radio interview with Canadas CBC news in 1967, he said, â€Å"I have heard of that idea â€Å"that I am divine†. I also met certain Rastafarians. I told them clearly that I am a man, that I am mortal, and that I will be replaced by the oncoming generation, and that they should never make a mistake in assuming or pretending that a human being is emanated from a deity. This denial didn’t stop Rastafarians from believing the emperor to be divine. The sacred text of Rastafarians is the Holy Piby, the â€Å"Black Mans Bible. † It was written by Robert Athlyi Rogers of Anguilla from 1913 to 1917 and published in 1924. The Holy Piby is a version of the Christian Bible that has been altered to remove all the deliberate distortions that are b elieved to have been made by white leaders during its translation into English. Rastafarians do not believe in an afterlife but instead look to Africa (called â€Å"Zion†) as a heaven on earth. True Rastas are believed to be immortal, both physically and spiritually, a concept called â€Å"everliving†. Another central concept is Babylon, which refers to the white power structure of Europe and the Americas. Rastas seek to resist Babylon, which once cruelly enslaved blacks and still continue to hold them down through poverty, illiteracy, inequality, and trickery. The greed and wickedness of Babylon is contrasted with the simplicity and naturalness of the Rastas. Rastafarians are perhaps best known for their religious use of marijuana, which grows plentifully in Jamaica. Rastas know it as ganja, the holy herb, Iley or callie, and believed was given by God. Scriptural support is found especially in Psalm 104:14: â€Å"He causeth the grass for the cattle and herb for the service of man. † Other texts interpreted to refer to cannabis include Genesis 3:18, Exodus 10:12, and Proverbs 15:17. In addition to ritual use, Rastas also use marijuana for medicinal purposes , applying it to a variety of diseases including colds. Marijuana is used mainly during the two main Rastafari rituals: reasonings and nyabinghi. The reasoning is an informal gathering at which a small group of Rastas smoke ganja and engage in discussion. The ritual begins when one person lights the pipe, or chalice, and recites a short prayer while all other participants bow their heads. The pipe is then passed around the circle until all of the people have smoked. The reasoning ends when the participants depart one by one. The nyabinghi, or binghi for short, is a dance held on Rasta holidays and special occasions. These dances can last for several days and bring together hundreds of Rastafarians from all over Jamaica. They camp in tents on land owned by the host Rastas. Formal dancing takes place at night in a hut especially set up for the occasion. The Rastas sing and dance until the early hours of the morning. In the daytime, they â€Å"rest and reason†. There are several Rasta holidays, most of which center around events in the life of Emperor Haile Selassie. The most important celebrations are: November 2 the coronation of Selassie January 6 ceremonial birthday of Selassie April 21 Selassies visit to Jamaica July 23 Selassies personal birthday August 1 emancipation from slavery August 17 Marcus Garveys birthday One of the most visible practices of Rastafarians is the wearing of hair in dreadlocks. Dreadlocks have several purposes and layers of meaning for Rastafarians, including: the biblical command not to cut ones hair (Leviticus 21:5) the appearance of the lions mane, representing strength, Africa, Ethiopia, and the Lion of Judah naturalness and simplicity, which are associated with Africa The other main Rasta symbol besides dreadlocks, are the colors of red, gold and green. Red stands for the triumphant church of the Rastas as well as the blood of the martyrs in the black struggle for liberation. Gold represents the wealth of their African homeland and green symbolizes Ethiopias beauty and lush vegetation. Black is often also included, representing the color of the Africans. Another important symbol is the Lion of Judah, which represents Haile Selassie as the King of Kings, Africa, and strength. The most dedicated Rastas follow a dietary law called Ital. Ital food is food which is completely natural (not canned and free of chemicals and preservatives) and eaten as raw as possible. Old Testament prohibitions against pork and shellfish are part of Ital; most Rastafarians are vegetarians or vegans. Coffee and milk are also rejected as unnatural. Rastafarians reject the use of alcohol, since it is a fermented chemical that does not belong in the temple of the body and it makes a person stupid, thereby playing into the hands of white leaders. This is contrasted with the holy herb of marijuana, which is natural and believed by Rastas to open their mind and assist in reasoning. There are between 3,000 and 5,000 Rastafarians in the United States. However, these figures may be slightly distorted as a result of the large number of people who have adopted the external appearance of Rastafarians. Worldwide, the total following is approximately 1,000,000 people. 2. Arts and Literature Jamaica is well-known for its music, which is central to Jamaican life and has had a world-wide impact. Church services feature gospel choirs, and singers of the genre have risen to fame. Ska music developed in the early 1960s. Rock Steady, a slower, more soulful rhythm with a heavy bass beat, was next on the music scene, but it was quickly eclipsed by reggae. Originating in the Kingston ghetto in the early 1970s, reggae rose to dominate the international music scene under the leadership of Bob Marley, its undisputed king. Reggae style blends Afro-American rhythms with modern instruments and often caustic political and social commentary. Jamaican music is still producing new innovations and is a major influence in dance clubs around the world. Jamaican literature includes poetry, folklore, novels, short stories and essays. Much of the islands literary movement appeared after independence in 1962. The most famous Jamaican writer, poet Claude McKay, is credited with having inspired the Negritude (â€Å"Blackness†) movement in France and was a part of the Harlem Renaissance in the United States, where he emigrated at the age of 22. Before moving to America, he had established himself as a poet in Jamaica. McKay is known for his style, which, though classical, expressed uniquely Jamaican ideas in his earliest works. His later works helped to inspire some of the most important writers of the Harlem Renaissance and is placed alongside Langston Hughes as a founder of the movement. His works are well respected throughout the Western World. An annual literary festival includes competitions in writing poetry, short stories and essays. Numerous Jamaican writers, including Velma Pollard, author of â€Å"Karl and other Stories† (1993) and the poet Kwame Dawes, author of â€Å" Progeny of Air† (1994) have won international awards. Jamaicas own literature has grown out of this storytelling tradition, capturing a unique blend of spoken and written forms. In fact, the islands natural speech is one of the most important elements in many of its writers’ novels and stories. Others use language to capture the musical rhythm of the island, with its unusual beats. This can play an important role in defining the islands literary character. The 1970s saw the arrival of dub poetry, a new genre in which poems are often set to heavy reggae bass and drums. Jamaican visual art has a long and powerful tradition. The most common themes are slavery, nationalism, spirituality and the family. Jamaica has internationally known sculptors and painters, as well as a tradition of wood carvers who sell their folk art along Jamaicas highways. Edna Manley is a well-known sculptor. Barrington Watson is also an artist who received wide acclaim. Jamaican theatrical artists put on performances throughout the country. The best known of these stage productions are the Little Theatre Movements pantomimes, which are often based on the character of Anancy. The National Dance Theatre Company, a company of creative dancers, musicians and singers, has won wide acclaim in Jamaica and internationally for decades. The female troupe Sistern has won international acclaim performing plays and skits on womens issues. 3. Music THE BIRTH OF SKA Like mento before it, ska was born out of a combining musical elements. Both mento and jazz were combined to produce a new style that was initially called Shuffle Popular shuffle hits were recorded by Neville Esson, Owen Grey and the Overtakers. The newly set up recording studios were always on the look out for the next new sound. With the popularity of American RB artists like Fats Domino and Louis Jordan many Jamaican performers incorporated the 12 bar blues chord progressions and boogie bass lines with mento guitar rhythms. Increasing emphasis was placed on the offbeat rhythms of mento. The offbeats became shorter and more detached. These distinct syncopated rhythms were sounded on guitar and piano. The new style of music became known as ska. The first person to record this ska rhythm was Ernest Ranglin when performing with Cluet Johnson (Clue J. ) and the Blues Busters. Clue J was well known for greeting his friends with a call of Love Skavoovie. Many believe the name of ska is a shortened form of this greeting. Ska quickly became the most dominant form of music in Jamaica. Its success coincided with the independence and the departure of the English in 1962. There was a new attitude towards indigenous music. Ska was already enormously popular in Jamaica and music producers attempted to export it to the rest of the world, a move that was supported by the government. It was the national music of Jamaica and was demonstrated to the the world at the 1964 Worlds Fair in New York. The Jamaican big names included Byron Lee and the Dragonaires, Jimmy Cliff , Prince Buster and dancers Ronnie Nasralla and Jannette Phillips who taught the world the moves for the Backy Skank, the Rootsman Skank and the Ska. Early ska dance movements and some lyrics were influenced by the religious revival era. Songs such as Wings of a Dove performed by both The Blues Busters and The Wailers, Oil in My Lamp by Eric Morris and King of Kings by Jimmy Cliff are revival tunes with lyrics that are sped up. Israelites by Desmond Dekker also features revival characteristics in the lyrics. Other ska lyrics were pop orientated and feature very little Jamaican patois. These songs were either nonsense lyrics such as Eric Morris†Humpty Dumpty† and â€Å"Solomon Gundi† or romantic such as Delroy Wilsons â€Å"Dancing Mood†, which was one of the first songs to bridge the gap between ska and its slower successor Rocksteady (more later). In contrast are the political ska lyrics that reflected the social concerns of rude boys. RUDE BOYS These were the primary listeners to ska in Jamaica. They were rebellious out of work and reacted against poverty and injustice. They emulated Hollywood gangster fashions by wearing black suits, thin ties and pork pie hats, the type of look that is still seen today in Taritino’s movies â€Å"Reservoir Dogs† and â€Å"Pulp Fiction†. Rude Boys often lived outside of the law and were also sometimes called â€Å"Scofflaws† (people who hate the law). Ska lyrics at the time reflected the life and times of Rude Boys. Some examples include The Soul Brothers â€Å"Lawless Street†, The Heptones â€Å"Gunmen Comin to Town†, Desmond Dekkers â€Å"007 Shanty Town†, Dandy Livingstones â€Å"A Message to You Rudi† and Prince Busters â€Å"Judge Dread† who handed out 400 year sentences to Rude Boys. Clement Dodd backed a young group who envisioned themselves as rudies The Wailers -Bob Marley, Bunny Livingstone (Wailer) and Peter Macintosh (later shortened to Tosh). The way rude boys danced to the music also influenced the ska sound. They rhythmically pumped their arms back and forward and adopted a more menacing posture than the traditional style demonstrated by Ronnie and Jannette. As a result the music became more menacing. Bass lines became more syncopated rejecting the easy going walking boogie style. ROCKSTEADY TO REGGAE By 1966 in Jamaica many audiences had grown tired of the insistent ska beat and tempo. Around 1966 the beat of ska was slowed and rocksteady was born. Some say that it was a particularly hot Jamaican summer that led to this more relaxed style but the real reason for this change can be traced once again to the continuing influence of American RB. By the mid 60s R was developing into the smoother soul styles of Motown, Memphis and Philadelphia soul. Jamaican musicians responded to this with their own slower smoother styles. The most notable hit of the rocksteady era was â€Å"The Tide is High† by The Paragons. In the 80s this was covered by Blondie and was one of their biggest hits. The influence of another religious revival, Rastafarianism led to further musical developments of ska and rocksteady and reggae was born. The BIRTH OF BRITISH SKA Ska went to England with the immigrants of the early 1960s and was initially known as Bluebeat. The first international ska hit was â€Å"My Boy Lollipop† by Millie Small. It was recorded in England in 1964 for Island Records and featured a young English Rod Stewart, just beginning his own music career on Harmonica. Ska gained popularity amongst the Mod scene and several hits followed including â€Å"Guns of Navarone† by the Skatalites, â€Å"Carry Go Bring Come† by Justin and The Dominoes, and â€Å"Rudy, A Message to You† by Dandy Livingstone. In 1969,†The Israelites† by Desmond Dekker became the first Jamaican produced recording to become a number one hit in Britain. Other big ska chart hits in 1969 included â€Å"Monkey Man† by Toots and the Maytals, â€Å"Long Shot Kick De Bucket† by The Pioneers and â€Å"Liquidator† by The Harry J Allstars. It is interesting to know that these hits had all been recorded several years earlier in Jamaica and gradually climbed the tops into the UK charts over a long period of time. TWO TONE In 1979 ska enjoyed a revival of popularity. Initially the ska revival was an English phenomenon, but gradually spread to the rest of the world, including Australia. The most notable bands associated with the second wave of ska popularity were The Specials, Madness, The Beat, and The Selecter. All these bands recorded their first albums for â€Å"Two Tone Records†, a label established by The Specials keyboard player Jerry Dammers. The label was named after the two tone tonic suits worn by the original ska stars of the 1960s and also reflected the multi racial membership of the bands signed to the label. The trade mark of the company was based on a negative photo of Peter Tosh from an early Wailing Wailers album cover. This â€Å"Rude Boy† logo became known as Walt Jabsco. The Two Tone artists relied heavily on the first wave ska stars attitudes and philosophy. The Specials took their name from the special one off recordings made for the early sound system operators in Jamaica and â€Å"Madness† are named after a Prince Buster song. REGGAE The word reggae appeared around 1960 in Jamaica to identify a â€Å"ragged† style of dance music, that still had its roots in New Orleans rhythm n blues. However, reggae soon acquired the lament-like style of chanting and emphasized the syncopated beat. It also made explicit the relationship with the underworld of the â€Å"Rastafarians†. Compared with rock music, reggae music basically inverted the role of bass and guitar: the former was the lead, the latter beat the typical hiccupping pattern. The paradox of reggae, of course, is that this music â€Å"unique to Jamaica is actually not Jamaican at all, having its foundations in the USA and Africa. An independent label, Island, distributed Jamaican records in the UK throughout the 1960’s, but reggae became popular in the UK only when Prince Busters â€Å"Al Capone† (1967) started a brief dance craze. Jamaican music was very much a ghetto phenomenon, associated with gang-style violence, but Jimmy Cliffs â€Å"Wonderful World Beautiful People†(1969) united reggae with the peace and love philosophy of the hippies, an association that would not die away. In the USA, Neil Diamonds â€Å"Red Red Wine† (1967) was the first reggae hit by a pop musician. Shortly afterwards, Johnny Nashs â€Å"Hold me tight† (1968) propelled reggae onto the charts. â€Å"Do the Reggay† (1968) by Toots (Hibbert) and The Maytals was the record that gave the music its name. Fredrick Toots Hibberts vocal style was actually closer to gospel, as proved by their other hits . A little noticed event would have far-reaching consequences: in 1967, the Jamaican disc-jockey Rudolph Ruddy Redwood had begun recording instrumental versions of reggae hits. The success of his dance club was entirely due to that idea. Duke Reid, who was now the owner of the Trojan label, was the first one to capitalize on the idea: he began releasing singles with two sides: the original song and, on the back, the instrumental remix. This phenomenon elevated the status of dozens of recording engineers. Reggae music was mainly popularized by Bob Marley first as the co-leader of the Wailers, the band that promoted the image of the urban guerrilla with â€Å"Rude Boy† (1966) and that cut the first album of reggae music, â€Å"Best of the Wailers†(1970); and later as the political and religious (rasta) guru of the movement, a status that would transform him into a star, particularly after his conversion to pop-soul melody with ballads such as †Stir it up† (1972),†I Shot the Sheriff†(1973) and â€Å" No woman No cry†(1974). DUB More and more studio engineers were re-mixing B-sides of reggae 45 RPM singles, dropping out the vocals and emphasizing the instrumental texture of the song. The purpose was to allow disc-jockeys to â€Å"toast† over the record. Engineers became more and more skilled at refining the instrumental textures, especially when they began to employ sophisticated studio devices. Eventually, â€Å"dub† became an art on its own. The first dub singles appeared in 1971, but the man generally credited with â€Å"inventing† the genre is Osbourne Ruddock, better known asking Tubby, a recording engineer who in 1970 had accidentally discovered the appeal of stripping a song of its vocal track, and who engineered the first dub record, Carl Pattersons â€Å"Psalm of Dub† (1971). When he got together with producer Lee Scratch Perry, â€Å"Blackboard Jungle† (1973) was born: the first stereo â€Å"dub† album. It was a revolution: the engineer and the producer had become more important than the composer. DUB STUDIO It also marked the terminal point of the â€Å"slowing down† of Jamaican music, a process that had led from ska to reggae to rock steady. Compared with the original, dub was like a slow-motion version. A collaboration with melodica player Augustus Pablo led to another important work,† King Tubby Meets Rockers Uptown† (1976). Lee â€Å"Scratch† Perry (Rainford Hugh Perry) was born in 1936 in Kendal, a small town in the rural parish of Hanover, in the northwest of Jamaica. Perry arrived in Kingston in the late 1950’s, and immediately tried to enter the music business. He started working for Coxsone Dodd as a â€Å"bouncer, spy, talent scout, uncredited songwriter and eventually performer†. Perry left Coxsones after a disagreement over payment, moving to a new label (Amalgamated) set up by Joel Gibson, where he recorded an early reggae hit called â€Å"People Funny Boy† (which was a verbal attack aimed at his previous employer Coxsone). Perry became well known as a producer and was instrumental in Bob Marley’s and the Wailers early success. He linked up with Marley and the Wailers in 1969, beginning a collaboration that resulted in â€Å"definitive versions of some of the Wailers strongest work†. Perry, through his work as an artist, producer and engineer, has been one of the main people responsible in shaping the sound of Jamaican music over time. â€Å"Scratch† Perry, who had produced for the Wailers, pretty much set the reference standard for generations to come with â€Å"Double Seven† (1974), the first reggae album that overdubbed synthesizers, â€Å"Revolution Dub† (1975) and †Super Ape† (1976), one of the genres masterpieces he last forty years. Dub will come to later influence almost every genre of music, being used by producers to create sequential tracks in: hip-hop, pop, breakbeat, drum bass and other electronic linked genres. Conclusion One of the smallest countries in the world Jamaica I think is a melting pot of cultures people and traditions. Behind its beautiful exterior Jamaica has a dark and violent past, yet throughout the years it came to overcome the past. Present day Jamaica is a symbol for the fight for liberty and peace. Bibliography: www. wikipedia. org/jamaica/history/taino www. jamaica-guide. com/info jamaicans. com/articles/primearticles/taino. shtm iexplore. com/dmap/Jamaica/History www. religionfacts. com/a-z â€Å"Religia in istoria popoarelor lumii†-S. A. Tokarev www. cp-pc. ca/english/jamaica/arts. html www. history of ska. com scaruffi. com/history/reggae. html www. history of port royal. com www. rastafaris. com www. jamaicaisland. com/history/english period www. history of slavery. com /Caribbean/Jamaica Encyclopaedia Britannica/jamaica Encarta/history of jamaica