Midterm Test Review: History Essay

Early Settlement: Halfway Covenant- A Puritan church document; In 1662, the Halfway Covenant allowed partial membership rights to persons not yet converted into the Puritan church; It lessened the difference between the â€Å"elect† members of the church from the regular members; Women soon made up a larger portion of Puritan congregations. Massachusetts Bay Company-One of the first settlements in New England; established in 1630 and became a major Puritan colony. Became the state of Massachusetts, originally where Boston is located. It was a major trading center, and absorbed the Plymouth community Mayflower Compact- A contract made by the voyagers on the Mayflower agreeing that they would form a simple government where majority ruled. Plymouth Colony- Plymouth was the first permanent European settlement in New England, founded by the Pilgrim Fathers aboard the Mayflower. Puritanism-Belief that Catholic church was completely corrupt and wanted to reform even more. Supported Church of England Road to Revolution: Boston Massacre-a riot in Boston (March 5, 1770) arising from the resentment of Boston colonists toward British troops quartered in the city, in which the troops fired on the mob and killed several persons. Declaratory Act-In 1766, the English Parliament repealed the Stamp Act and at the same time signed the Declaratory Act. This document stated that Parliament had the right â€Å"to bind† the colonies â€Å"in all cases whatsoever.† It is important in history because it stopped the violence and rebellions against the tax on stamps. Also, it restarted trade with England, which had temporarily stopped as a defiant reaction to the Stamp Act. Proclamation of 1763-The Proclamation of 1763 was an English law enacted after gaining territory from the French at the end of the French and Indian War. It forbade the colonists from settling beyond the Appalachian Mountains. The Colonists were no longer proud to be British citizens after the enactment. The Proclamation of 1763 caused the first major revolt against the British. Stamp Act- In 1765 Parliament passed the Stamp Act, requiring the colonists to pay for a stamp to go on many of the documents essential to their lives. These documents included deeds, mortgages, liquor licenses, playing cards, and almanacs. The colonists heartily objected to this direct tax and in protest petitioned the king, formed the Stamp Act Congress, and boycotted English imports. In 1766 Parliament repealed the Stamp Act, a major victory for colonists. Virginia Resolves-These were statements made by Thomas Jefferson (Kentucky) and James Madison (Virginia) rebuking the Alien and Sedition Acts. This was the first expression of the doctrine of nullification. virtual representation-A bringing of an action on behalf of a party or parties unnamed, as in the case of a class action where a number of people have an interest similar to the named party, and upon whom the courtÂ’s judgment will be binding. It is often preferable to have a guardian ad litem appointed to protect the interests of the nonparties. Revolutionary War: Battle of Yorktown-The last battle of the Revolutionary War, fought in 1781 near the seacoast of Virginia. There the British general Lord Cornwallis surrendered his army to General George Washington. Thomas Jefferson- Thomas Jefferson was a member of the House of Burgesses, wrote the Declaration of Independence, was ambassador to France, and was the President of the United States of America. He did all these things before, during, and after the Revolutionary war. With his Declaration of Independence he declared the colonies’ freedom from England. While President, he bought the Louisiana Purchase and had Lewis and Clark to explore it. Under the executive branch of the new constitution, Thomas Jefferson was the Secretary of State. When Alexander Hamilton wanted to create a new national bank, Jefferson adamantly spoke against it. He felt it would violate states rights by causing a huge competitor for the state banks, then causing a federal monopoly. Jefferson’s argument was that since the Constitution did not say Congress could create a bank they should not be given that power. This is the philosophy of strict construction. Thomas Jefferson’s beliefs led to the creation of the political party, Democratic Republicans. Olive Branch Petition- Thomas Paine-Thomas Paine was a passionate and persuasive writer who published the bestseller, Common Sense in 1776. Paine had the radical idea that the colonies should set up America as an independent, democratic, republic away from England. Over 120,000 copies of his book were sold and this helped spark the colonists rebellion later that year. 2nd Continental Congress-The Second Continental Congress met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775. Three delegates added to the Congress were Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and John Hancock. The Congress took on governmental duties. (United all the colonies for the war effort.) They selected George Washington as Commander in Chief. They encouraged the colonies to set themselves up as states. On July 4, 1776 they adopted the Declaration of Independence. The Congress ended March 1, 1781 when a Congress authorized by the Articles of Confederation took over. Constitutional Period: Antifederalists- People against federalists in 1787; disagreed with the Constitution because they believed people’s rights were being taken away without a Bill of Rights; also did not agree with annual elections and the non-existence of God in the government. Articles of Confederation- The first â€Å"constitution† governing the Untied States after the Revolution; it was ratified in 1781 and it provided for a â€Å"firm league of friendship;† the legislative branch (Congress) had no power to regulate commerce or forcibly collect taxes and there was no national executive or judicial branch; it was an important stepping-stone towards the present constitution because without it the states would never have consented to the Constitution. bills of rights- The first ten amendments of the Constitution, the bill of rights was added in 1791 when it was adopted by the necessary number of states. It guarantees such civil liberties as freedom of speech, free press, and freedom of religion. Written by James Madison. US Constitution- The foundation of our country’s national government; was drafted in Philadelphia in 1787; the Constitution establishes a government with direct authority over all citizens, it defines the powers of the national government, and it establishes protection for the rights of states and of every individual. The Federalist-The Federalist was a series of articles written in New York newspapers as a source of propaganda for a stronger central government. The articles, written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, were a way for the writers to express their belief that it is better to have a stronger central government. The papers turned out to be a penetrating commentary written on the Constitution. Federalists-A United States political party consisting of the more respectable citizens of the time; Federalists lived along the eastern seaboard in the 1790’s; believed in advocating a strong federal government and fought for the adoption of the United States Constitution in 1787-1788. Great Compromise- 1787; This compromise was between the large and small states of the colonies. The Great Compromise resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems. New Jersey Plan- a plan, unsuccessfully proposed at the Constitutional Convention, providing for a single legislative house with equal representation for each state. Northwest Ordinance-The Northwest Ordinance took place in 1787. They said that sections of land were similar to colonies for a while, and under the control of the Federal Government. Once a territory was inhabited by 60,000 then congress would admit it as a state. The original thirteen colonies were charters. Slavery was prohibited in these Northwest Territories. This plan worked so good it became the model for other frontier areas. Republicanism-The theory of Republicanism was that the government was under the authority of the people it governs. The power in the peoples hand’s is the basis for Democracy. The writers of the constitution used the Republicanism theory. Daniel Shays- Captain Daniel Shays was a radical veteran of the Revolution. He led a rebellion, fittingly named Shays Rebellion. He felt he was fighting against a tyranny. The rebellion was composed of debtors demanding cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and suspension of mortgage foreclosures. He was sentenced to death but was later pardoned. The rebellion in 1786 helped lead to the Constitution and Shay somewhat became one of the Founding Fathers. Three-fifths Compromise-The three-fifths compromise was where a black slave was counted as three-fifths of a person when they were counting the population. The southern states wanted them counted as one whole person for more representatives in the House of Representatives. The northern states did not want them counted at all. Virginia Plan-a plan, unsuccessfully proposed at the Constitutional Convention, providing for a legislature of two houses with proportional representation in each house and executive and judicial branches to be chosen by the legislature. Early US: Louisiana Purchase- In 1803 Thomas Jefferson purchased 828,000 square miles of land for 15 million dollars from Napoleon the leader of France. The land mass stretched from the Gulf of Mexico all the to Rocky Mountains and Canada. The purchase of this land sprouted national pride and ensured expansion. Marbury v Madison- Sec. of State James Madison held up one of John Adams’ â€Å"Midnight Judges† appointments. The appointment was for a Justice of the Peace position for William Marbury. Marbury sued. Fellow Hamiltonian and Chief Justice John Marshall dismissed Marbury’s suit, avoiding a political showdown and magnifying the power of the Court. This case cleared up controversy over who had final say in interpreting the Constitution: the states did not, the Supreme Court did. This is judicial review. Missouri Compromise- Maine as free state, Missouri as slave state, slavery prohibited north of 36 °30’ Sacajawea- Shoshone guide and interpreter who accompanied (1805-1806) the Lewis and Clark expedition. Treaty of Ghent-It was an agreement signed by the Americans and the British that agreed to stop fighting which potentially led to the end of the War of 1812. It was signed before the Battle of New Orleans, but Americans did not learn of the treaty until after the victory at New Orleans. Americans assumed the â€Å"victory† for the war. The British signed quickly because they were more concerned with European affairs. Jackson, Middle 1800s: John C Calhoun-John C. Calhoun was part of the New Southern Congress of 1811. He was a representative for South Carolina and one of the original War Hawks. Calhoun supported the Tariff Bill of 1811 because he thought the bill would lead to manufacturing in the south and cultivation of cotton. He later changed his mind, though, and opposed it because the bill was being used to enrich Northern manufacturers. Lowell Mills- young women employed by Lowell’s textile company, housed in dormitories nullification- The federalist party had passed the alien and sedition acts to regulate the strong opinions of the republicans. These laws violated the freedoms of the first amendment granted to the people, and prosecuted them for speaking out. Thomas Jefferson and James Madison protested the laws by writing the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions, which asked the states to declare the laws null. They thought that â€Å"nullification was the rightful remedy†. Virginia and Kentucky were the only states that voted for this nullification, which is to make a law invalid. Second Great Awakening- religious movements, traveling â€Å"meetings,† rise of Baptist and Methodist ministries; Charles G. Finney Worcester v Georgia- Court case:Georgia cannot enforce American laws on Indian tribes. Antebellum US: William Lloyd Garrison- William Lloyd Garrison printed â€Å"The Liberator†, a radical abolition newspaper. Mason-Dixon Line- the boundary between Pennsylvania and Maryland, partly surveyed by Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon between 1763 and 1767, popularly considered before the end of slavery as a line of demarcation between free and slave states. Paternalism- the system, principle, or practice of managing or governing individuals, businesses, nations, etc., in the manner of a father dealing benevolently and often intrusively with his children: The employees objected to the paternalism of the old president. plain folk- white yeoman farmers slave codes-In 1661 a set of â€Å"codes† was made. It denied slaves basic fundamental rights, and gave their owners permission to treat them as they saw fit. Nat Turner- Black priest; led a revolt in Virginia 1831, killed 60 people(mostly women and children). This scared the Southerners because it was the first really violent action of the slaves. As a result slave codes were made stricter. Yeomen- An owner and cultivator of a small farm. Road to Civil War: Bleeding Kansas-Kansas was being disputed for free or slave soil during 1854-1857, by popular sovereignty. In 1857, there were enough free-soilers to overrule the slave-soilers. So many people were feuding that disagreements eventually led to killing in Kansas between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces. John Brown-John Brown was a militant abolitionist that took radical extremes to make his views clear. In May of 1856, Brown led a group of his followers to Pottawattamie Creek and launched a bloody attack against pro-slavery men killing five people. This began violent retaliation against Brown and his followers. This violent attack against slavery helped give Kansas its nick name, â€Å"bleeding Kansas†. Dred Scott decision- Scott was a black slave who had lived with his master for five years in Illinois and Wisconsin territory. He sued for his freedom on the basis of his long residence in free territory. The Dred Scott court decision was handed down by the Supreme Court on March 6,1857. The Supreme Court ruled that Dred Scott was a black slave and not a citizen. Hence, he could not sue in a federal court. Wilmot Proviso-Dispute over whether any Mexican territory that America won during the Mexican War should be free or a slave territory. A representative named David Wilmot introduced an amendment stating that any territory acquired from Mexico would be free. This amendment passed the House twice, but failed to ever pass in Senate. The â€Å"Wilmot Proviso†, as it became known as, became a symbol of how intense dispute over slavery was in the U.S. Reconstruction: Black codes- The Black Codes were laws that were passed in the southern regimes in the south after the Civil War. The laws were designed to regulate the affairs of the freed blacks. They were aimed to ensure a stable labor supply and they sought to restore, as closely as possible, the pre-freedom system of racial relations. They recognized freedom and a few other rights, such as the right to marry, but they still prohibited the right to serve on a jury, or renting or leasing land. No blacks were allowed to vote. They mocked the ideal of freedom and created horrible burdens on the free blacks who were desperately struggling to make it. The north viewed it as re-enslaving the freed slaves. They thought that if this was true then the war was fought in vain. These laws caused Radical Republicans to pass the Civil Rights Act in 1866. Compromise of 1877- During the electoral standoff in 1876 between Hayes (Republican) and Tilde (Democrat). The Compromise of 1877 meant that the Democrats reluctantly agreed that Hayes might take office if he ended reconstruction in the South. Fifteenth Amendment- An incorporation of black suffrage into the federal Constitution. The Amendment was passed in congress in 1869 and was ratified by the required number of states in 1870. Before ratification, Northern states withheld the ballot from the black minorities. The South felt that the Republicans were hypocritical in insisting that blacks in the South should vote. The moderates wanted the southern states back in the Union, and thus free the federal government from direct responsibility for the protection of black rights. The Republicans were afraid that once the states were re-admitted they would amend their constitutions and withdraw the ballot from blacks. The only ironclad safeguard to cease the tension was the Fifteenth Amendment. Andrew Johnson- What: President after Lincoln’s assassination When: 1864-1868( president) Why: † An accidental president† who was an ex-Tennessee Senator. Johnson was Lincoln’s vice-president. He was a Southerner who did not understand the North, a Tennessee who had never been accepted by the Republicans, and a president who had never been elected to the office. Republicans feared that Southerners might join hands with Democrats in the North and win control of Congress. If the South ran Congress blacks might be enslaved once again. To protest blacks, Congress passed the Civil Rights Bill, but Johnson vetoed the Bill. Congress tried to have Johnson impeached. The bill to have him impeached passed in the Senate. The one great achievement that Johnson’s administration committed was the purchase of Alaska. Ku Klux Klan-In 1866, Tennessee formed one of the most notable anti-black groups. They were against any power or rights a black might have. They were violent and often times they killed blacks â€Å"to keep them in their place.† Sharecropping- After the Civil War former landowners â€Å"rented† plots of land to blacks and poor whites in such a way that the renters were always in debt and therefore tied to the land.

Causes and Consequences of Reduced Biodiversity Essay

Causes and consequences of reduced biodiversity in tropical rain forests In many tropical countries, the majority of deforestation results from the actions of poor subsistence cultivators. However, in Brazil only about one-third of recent deforestation can be linked to cultivators. A large portion of deforestation in Brazil can be attributed to land clearing for pastureland by commercial and speculative interests, misguided government policies, inappropriate World Bank projects, and commercial exploitation of forest resources. For effective action it is imperative that these issues be addressed. Focusing solely on the promotion of sustainable use by local people would neglect the most important forces behind deforestation in Brazil. Brazilian deforestation is strongly correlated to the economic health of the country the decline in deforestation from 1988-1991 nicely matched the economic slowdown during the same period, while the rocketing rate of deforestation from 1993-1998 paralleled Brazil’s period of rapid economic growth. During lean times, ranchers and developers do not have the cash to rapidly expand their pasturelands and operations, while the government lacks funds to sponsor highways and colonization programs and grant tax breaks and subsidies to forest exploiters. Clearing for Cattle Pasture Cattle ranching are the leading cause of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. This has been the case since at least the 1970s: government figures attributed 38 percent of deforestation from 1966-1975 to large-scale cattle ranching. However, today the situation may be even worse. According to the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), between 1990 and 2001 the percentage of Europe’s processed meat imports that came from Brazil rose from 40 to 74 percent and by 2003 for the first time ever, the growth in Brazilian cattle production 80 percent of which was in the Amazon was largely export driven. Factors * CURRENCY DEVALUATION—The devaluation of the Brazilian real against the dollar effectively doubled the price of beef in reals and created an incentive for ranchers to expand their pasture areas at the expense of the rainforest. The weakness of the real also made Brazilian beef more competitive on the world market [CIFOR]. * CONTROL OVER FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE—The eradication of foot-and-mouth disease in much of Brazil has increased price and demand for Brazilian beef. * INFRASTRUCTURE—Road construction gives developers and ranchers access to previously inaccessible forest lands in the Amazon. Infrastructure improvements can reduce the costs of shipping and packing beef. * INTEREST RATES—Rainforest lands are often used for land speculation purposes. When real pasture land prices exceed real forest land prices, land clearing is a good hedge against inflation. At times of high inflation, the appreciation of cattle prices and the stream of services (milk) they provide may outpace the interest rate earned on money left in the bank. * LAND TENURE LAWS—In Brazil, colonists and developers can gain title to Amazon lands by simply clearing forest and placing a few head of cattle on the land. As an additional benefit, cattle are a low-risk investment relative to cash crops which are subject to wild price swings and pest infestations. Essentially cattle are a vehicle for land ownership in the Amazon. Colonization and subsequent subsistence agriculture A significant amount of deforestation is caused by the subsistence activities of poor farmers who are encouraged to settle on forest lands by government land policies. In Brazil, each squatter acquires the right (known as a usufruct right) to continue using a piece of land by living on a plot of unclaimed public land (no matter how marginal the land) and â€Å"using† it for at least one year and a day. After five years the squatter acquires ownership and hence the right to sell the land. Up until at least the mid-1990s this system was worsened by the government policy that allowed each claimant to gain title for an amount of land up to three times the amount of forest cleared. Poor farmers use fire for clearing land and every year satellite images pick up tens of thousands of fires burning across the Amazon. Typically understory shrubbery is cleared and then forest trees are cut. The area is left to dry for a few months and then burned. The land is planted with crops like bananas, palms, manioc, maize, or rice. After a year or two, the productivity of the soil declines and the transient farmers press a little deeper and clear new forest for more short-term agricultural land. The old, now infertile fields are used for small-scale cattle grazing or left for waste. Infrastructure Improvements Road construction in the Amazon leads to deforestation. Roads provide access to logging and mining sites while opening forest frontier land to exploitation by poor landless farmers. Brazil’s Trans-Amazonian Highway was one of the most economic development programs ever devised, and one of the most spectacular failures. In the 1970s, Brazil planned a 2,000 mile highway that would bisect the massive Amazon forest, opening rainforest lands to settlement by poor farmers from the crowded, drought-plagued north and development of timber and mineral resources. Colonists would be granted a 250-acre lot, six-months’ salary, and easy access to agricultural loans in exchange for settling along the highway and converting the surrounding rainforest into agricultural land. The plan would grow to cost Brazil US$65,000 1980 dollars to settle each family, an amazing amount for Brazil, a developing country at the time. Commercial agriculture Recently, soybeans have become one of the most important contributors to deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Thanks to a new variety of soybean developed by Brazilian scientists to flourish in rainforest climate, Brazil is on the verge of supplanting the United States as the world’s leading exporter of soybeans. High soybean prices have also served as an impetus to expanding soybean cultivation. Logging In theory, logging in the Amazon is controlled by strict licensing which allows timber to be harvested only in designated areas. However, there is significant evidence that illegal logging is quite widespread in Brazil. In recent years, Ibama Brazil’s environmental enforcement agency has made several large seizures of illegally harvested timber including one in September 2003 when 17 people were arrested for allegedly cutting 10,000 hectares worth of timber. Logging in the Amazon is closely linked with road building. Studies by the Environmental Defense Fund show that areas that have been selectively logged are eight times more likely to be settled and cleared by shifting cultivators than untouched rainforests because of access granted by logging roads. Logging roads give colonists access to rainforest, which they exploit for fuel wood, game, building material, and temporary agricultural lands. Fires Virtually all forest clearing, by small farmer and plantation owner alike, is done by fire. Though these fires are intended to burn only limited areas, they frequently escape agricultural plots and pastures and char pristine rainforest, especially in dry years like 2005. Many of the fires set for clearing forest for these purposes are set during the three-month burning season and the smoke produced creates widespread problems across the region, including airport closings and hospitalizations from smoke inhalation. These fires cover a vast area of forest. In 1987 during a four-month period, about 19,300 square miles of Brazilian Amazon were burned. The burning produced carbon dioxide containing more than 500 million tons of carbon, 44 million tons of carbon monoxide, and millions of tons of other particles and nitrogen oxides. An estimated 20 percent of fires that burn between June and October cause new deforestation, while another 10 percent is the burning of ground cover in virgin forest Mining Mining in the Brazilian Amazon presently results in limited deforestation due to crackdowns on informal miners known as garimpeiros. The pig iron industry may have the largest role in mining-driven deforestation by consuming wood to produce charcoal to fuel steel production.

Describe the effects of the Blitz in Everyday life in Britain

By 1940, Britain had seen the face of war through the Blitz. Devouring everything, Hitler's Luftwaffe were relentless as they launched raids after merciless raids. Loved ones died, friends suffered, rationing ravaged the lands and there was the constant fear of death at every turn at every corner. No one was safe, not even The Royal family when they moved to Coventry. The reminder of war and a reality that they could not escape haunted the people as some died of severe fatigue. Morale was low, with death possible by a number of means and the quality of life alien to what people were used to, the Blitz was the most effective weapon against the Britons. The era of 1940-41 saw the focus of attacks on London as well as some other cities. Parts of these places were described as being razed. With thousands of homeless strangers wandering for shelter, and with virtually no finance, these houses stayed as rubble. Even people with homes could not stop to wander what they would do when they were without. Homelessness was just one of the problems, death being the other major factor. There could be many possible means of dying. Shrapnel wounds, extreme exhaustion, being buried alive under the rubble the list is endless. Even in their subterranean cellars, people could die of flooding. Throughout the war there wasn't even a bomb shelter designed to take full impact from a bomb. The few places which provided full shelter from the bombing, the underground railways for example, proved too costly for the Brits. The Blitz's ruthless aggression took all and any victims, women and children took large percentages of the death toll. Schools, entertainment facilities and even churches were targeted. The population's moral was low, women feared for their husbands and sons abroad and dreaded for their children on the home front. Children were targeted by the bombing of schools and education, in theory this would prove an excellent tactic for the Germans as the children were the future of Britain, thus with a lack of education the British army would weaken. Furthermore, with entertainment facilities being bombed, morale would dip to its lowest for it was one of the only things which could relieve the Britons minds. Not even churches were safe, the people had no one to turn to. With scarcity of faith and society in an anarchy they did want to be in, one wonders how the people coped with the devastation the Blitz brought. The first attack on Britain by Hitler's Luftwaffe brought the start of a fifty seven day consecutive bombing. Around three hundred German bombers set out to destroy London. The Royal Air Force had a demanding task set against them as they were heavily outnumbered and could not replace the amount of planes falling from the skies. Women on the home front were expected to work overtime without extra pay. The arduous labour they had undergone brought them severe fatigue and when they finished work and went home, if it was still standing, the air raid sirens and blackout would not help them to get any rest. The life of a commoner during the Blitz was no easy one. With friends and family dying abroad as well as on the home front life would have been torment. Huge amounts of stress and pressure would be exerted on those working in factories, urged to work overtime and for little pay. Death could be met at any and every corner, a bomb blast could lead to a number of painful deaths. Rationing was enforced due to the bombing of major ports such as in Portsmouth. As well as the fact that entertainment was also targeted, life was made worse for the Brits as they had nowhere to turn to in order to relieve their pain and sorrow. Life during the Blitz was strenuous due to all these factors, yet probably the worst devastation the Blitz had brought was how the inhabitants could not talk about their problems as it may have revealed positions to spies. One must applaud those who survived the Blitz and all they went through for it is hard to live when there is nothing to live for.

Continuing Personal and Professional Development Essay

Continuing Personal and Professional Development - Essay Example Children as they grow, begin to sort out what is more of the value of them and also those items that are hazardous to their lives. In this instance, a child will be undergoing development in him or her that enables her or him to be able to detect such changes taking place and also make the right choice (Tassoni, 2007). As learning topic, child care, tries to cover all this aspects of the treatment that the young children need as they mature into their adulthood. Some institutions set the coverage of this topic in the section on the primary education (P.E) as a lesson of its own. Action plans are those simple tools that assist in the small scale planning of small activities. In this case, for example, the action plan will be useful in planning of all the activities that will be in place towards ensuring that the young children get the quality education they deserve. Action plans outline the step-step plans in place that ensures in the realization of the objectives that and individual has in mind. In this case, the plan assists the individual in doing some particular tasks that seems not attainable because of the congestion of the schedules or the program of activities (Charlesworth, 2011). In the case of physical education planning, action plans are more vital. It is because it enhances the coverage of the broad areas that needs to be in place for the teaching of the young children as they grow and develop in their lives. Children need to grow with healthy mind and body. As a result, they have to go through some physical exercise daily and in an organized manner. It is, for this reason that necessitates the application of the action plans by a teacher or any other physical trainer that takes the children through the physical education lesson. The plans also ensure that the set objectives meet the deadline to which each is set for within a

Vulnerable Populations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vulnerable Populations - Assignment Example However, they require policy intervention of different types such as economic and social development of communities and neighborhood, income and educational policies, as well as personal medical intervention. Community health nurses have the obligation to respect, accept, and comprehend the contribution of the risk factors not only to vulnerable but also to the influence on the behavior and lifestyle of the patient (Maurer & Smith, 2013). The vulnerable population in discussion refers to those who have higher risk for both poor health access and health status. For an instant, some of the vulnerable populations are those who are HIV, homeless and marginally housed. The majority of infection of HIV is through sexual intercourse between women and men. Moreover, more than half of the adults living with the virus are women. However, there are groups of individuals such as sex workers, individuals who inject drugs, and homosexual have also been significantly affected (Maurer & Smith, 2013). This condition weakens the immune system of the infected persons. Once the immune system has been weakened, they become susceptible to other attack by other diseases. For an instant, HIV infected victim has higher chances of contacting pneumonia or even tuberculosis in comparison to patients ailing from other conditions due to the weakened immune system. The rate of new infection is actually growing among the teenagers and young adults (Holzemer, 2012). On the other hand, the homeless and marginally housed individuals have poor access to health care services and health status as well. The majority of these individuals have mental health problems and abuse substances that create situations where they careless on their health status. They are usually not cognizant to the fact that obtaining care is vital for existence of human life (Maurer & Smith, 2013). The individuals dwelling in rural areas in the US encounter some health related issues in comparison to

3 discussion questions and participation questions I will post a Essay

3 discussion questions and participation questions I will post a couple more later. thanks - Essay Example The best way to protect intellectual property rights is for managers to utilize a mechanism called patents. A patent is a special type of license that protects your intellectual property rights up to 20 years. An industry that depends on protection for its survival is the pharmaceutical industry. Patents are a way to pay justice to investors or companies that believe in innovation. A pharmaceutical company can take up to 16 years and upwards of $800 million to develop a new drug. Managers have to establish control mechanism in order to protect tangible and intellectual property rights. For example the research and development people should work in an area separated from the rest of the staff. The internal security of the building is also important. A way for a corporation to improve its security is by installing various cameras around the building. Performing trimester audits can help increase the accountability of the managers and workers of an enterprise. The OSHA Act protects all parties that participate in the corporate world. Safety is something that companies cannot forget since we are dealing with the well being of human workers. If an Act such as the Occupational Safety and Health Act would have existed in India in 1984 the tragic events of Union Carbide which killed thousands of people may have been avoided. The government has to establish responsible regulation to protect workers from being the victims of abusive behavior to their patrons. The Family Act you mentioned is a very governmental initiative because it protects the basic right of people when they needed the most. A major illness to a family affects people emotionally which can hurt their profitability at work. An interest fact you mentioned in your post was that employer are obligated to place an ASHA poster visible to the employees. I believe a lot of companies may be violating this regulation. At my last place of work I did see such a poster anywhere in the building. The minimum wage in

Regulatory and Economic environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Regulatory and Economic environment - Essay Example Based on the current exchange rate of RMB 8.28 yuan to one U.S. dollar, China is now the sixth largest economy in the world. Based on purchasing-power parity, it is the third largest economy after the United States and Japan. All this has taken place during a relatively short time. In fact, one can argue that true economic reform in China only started in the early 1980s.' - [M.W. LUKE CHAN, WENDY ROTENBERG] The Chinese economic environment had shown rapid progress during 1991-1997, it could be said that China experienced double digit GDP growth. However, from 1997 and so on there were economic crisis, yet, the Chinese GDP continued to grow at a rapid rate of 7.8%. Transparency and good supremacy have been the foundation issues observed in the post-crisis years, both in the circumstance of the 1997 monetary difficulties and the recent series of commercial scandals. This suits the accounting and audit profession where efforts have largely focused on "harmonizing standards" within APEC and ASEAN as well as for greater transparency and disclosure. The Chinese financial catastrophe showed that insufficient accounting practices and lack of transparency in financial information still prevail in the region. Usual accounting may no longer adequately reflect the necessary information from the position of regulatory and internal corporate control. Strengthening of accounting and auditing function to properly manage risks is one major task to make the private sector and government agencies competitive and free from corruption. In an internationalized economy, up-to-date accounting and auditing knowledge and skills are the basic institutional infrastructure for private enterprises as well as government agencies to promote good corporate governance and sound public management. The need for transparent information has been heightened, particularly in the situation of managing risks involved. Main challenges for the DMCs are to develop transparent and sound accounting practices to properly manage and regulate the private sector including banks. An overview of the economic framework in China: The economic system of China is based on the Interbank Lending Market, the negotiable instruments market and the Treasury bond repurchase market. Interbank Lending: A nationwide unified interbank lending computer network was put into operation on a trial basis on January 3, 1996. The interbank lending market was not integrated preceding this date. The establishment of unified interbank market helped in connecting all interbank markets through out the nation. Negotiable Instruments: A negotiable instruments market consists of commercial papers as their main instrument. Commercial paper activity started in China in 1981. Since 1981, commercial paper market developed gradually. The acceptance, rediscount and discount process of commercial paper has become standardized. Commercial bills are also another instrument used in China. It has increased drastically in the past few years. Also, the discount and rediscount maturities have increased rapidly providing the funding needs of the national industry development policies and credit policies to flow. Repurchase Transactions - Open Market Operations: The central bank got involved into the

Nile river Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nile river - Essay Example The river is not only thought to have meant different things to the different countries of its basin, but also to have deeply intrigued the wider world. On the one hand it’s widely perceived as â€Å"Egypt’s lifeline† ever since the days of the earliest Pharaohs, which is best described by the well-known statement of the Greek historian Herodotus – â€Å"Egypt is the gift of the Nile† – uttered in 460 BC (Martinon 53). On the other hand, the Nile plays a crucial economic, political and cultural role nowadays, and its importance is considered greater than ever, with over 300 million people depending on the river for drinking water, irrigation, etc. (Tvedt 1). The Importance of Nile for the Nile Basin States and Societies As Tvedt points out, water has been the principal concern of humanity ever since the dawn of civilization, with most of the population living on the banks of large rivers, like Euphrates and Tigris, Ganges, Indus, Nile, etc.; not surprisingly therefore, the consecutive societies have been fundamentally shaped by that fact since the times of Sumer (2). No international river basin, however, has more complex and eventful history, either in terms of water politics and their impact on the respective societies or in terms of actors involved, than the Nile’s valley (Tvedt 3). On the other hand, it was the twentieth century, or the period of European imperialism, with its rapid technological and scientific advance that actually brought about a revolution in the conceptualization planning and use of Nile’s waters, and had far-reaching implications for the development of the Nile basin region. Being home to many polities, including â€Å"a number of kingdoms of various degrees of stability and forms of administrative machinery†, the Nile valley was both culturally and religiously diverse when the British took control over it (Tvedt 5). In northern and central Sudan – under the Mahdiâ⠂¬â„¢s rule – the irrigated agriculture had played rather modest role of economic importance, as against trade; while to the southeast, the islands of Lake Tana housed one of the world centers of the Coptic Church (Tvedt 6). Thus, according to Tvedt, there had not been processes of economic and cultural homogenization, but rather, the various Nile environments framed, although partly, many different â€Å"special patterns of man-river relationships and forms of regional identification† (6). The Importance of Nile for the Transformation of Egypt into a Modern State Although being a relatively short period in the overall history of the Nile, the years of the British colonial expansion into the Nile valley could be considered the first time when the river became conceptualized as a political and hydrological planning unit (Tvedt 7). During that period various actors, besides the British imperial system, got involved in what Tvedt calls â€Å"a great drama of Nile politic s and river-valley development† – Egyptian kings and nationalists, Ethiopian emperors and priests, Nilotic cattle herders, Mussolini, Eisenhower, Gamal Abdel Nasser, etc. (7). Insofar as the British played the major role, it’

Law - Civil Proecdure (Hong Kong) [4 Questions] Essay

Law - Civil Proecdure (Hong Kong) [4 Questions] - Essay Example 2). Ms. Cheung sought to have the proceedings stayed because of fundamental unfairness, stating that the conditions were appropriate to stay the proceedings in the interest of justice (Securities and Futures Ordinance, Cap. 571,  § 253(1(i); Jago v. District Court of New South Wales (1989) 168 CLR 23). In this case, the tribunal relied upon the rules promulgated at this time in Hong Kong Civil Procedure 2008, which states that â€Å"there are two distinct, though related, circumstances in which the action may be dismissed for want of prosecution, namely (a) when a party has been guilty of intentional and contumelious default, and (b) when there has been inordinate and inexcusable delay in the prosecution of the action† (Hong Kong Civil Procedure 2008, order 25, at 25/L/2). ... their death or disappearance are the most usual factors†¦in a case of prolonged culpable delay following long delays in serving of proceedings, the court may readily infer that memories of witnesses has further deteriorated in the period of culpable delay† (Hong Kong Civil Procedure 2008, order 25, at 25/L/7). Thus, the delay must result in the increased risk that the defendant will not have a fair trial on the issues or that serious prejudice will occur to the defendant as the result of the delay, because the witnesses will have decreased memories about the facts regarding the proceedings. The term prejudice has been construed to result when no witness was interviewed at the time the acts that give rise to the proceedings were commenced, so that the witness would have no way of refreshing his or her recollection about the events, or that a witness has since become unavailable because of advanced age or infirmity, and this witness would have been available but-for the inor dinate delay (Hornagold v. Fairclough Building Ltd. [1993] P.L.Q.R. 400). Further, the totality of the delay is not necessarily relevant in adducing prejudice to the defendant, but, rather, that any period of delay during any part of the proceedings would be examined to determine prejudice – therefore, if a proceeding began after a period of delay, then no action was taken thereafter, the court can infer from the delay during the latter part of the proceedings is enough to cause the dimming or memories such that the defendant would be prejudiced by the delay (Roebuck v. Mungovin [1994] 2 AC 224). Further, the defendant did not necessarily need to prove that he or she was prejudiced, and did not have to present to the court any example of a specific example of prejudice, ie, the defendant does

Coach Carter Essay Example for Free

Coach Carter Essay 1.Coach Carter shows many qualities of different styles of leader ship throughout the movie. At the start when Ken first sees the basketball team he takes an autocratic style of coaching them. An autocratic coaching is where the coach has complete power over the team. Team members have little opportunity to put forward ideas or make suggestions. The benefit of this approach of leadership by Coach Carter is that it was incredibly efficient and his decisions are made quickly and the work gets done. This is displayed in the film effectively when he first walks into the gym and states that they must abide by this contract if they want to be apart of the team. Coach carter expresses his personal expectations and intent. â€Å"You can push up or shut up† he says to the team. This shows his autocratic coaching style in the film. Another important aspect of Coach Carter’s leadership style was respect. He stated that in order to gain respect they needed to give some. If this did not work with the players in the team, Coach Carter would have given up on his team, and would have left them with our victory. If there was no great success there was no point for the autocratic style of coaching, as the players would not bother putting up with the hard coaching sessions. Coach Carter shows a very caring attitude towards the players. He wants them to do well on the court and off. This the key to the autocratic style of coaching Ken delivers. The contract ken makes them sign says they must maintain a C+ in all classes and they have to sit in the front row of the class. If the team doses not abide by the contract they will not play. This is an autocratic style of coaching the team but realistically it’s for the best, he’s thinking of the teamâ₠¬â„¢s future in basketball and giving them opportunities academically. Through out the film Coach Carter says â€Å"to the base line† and blows his whistle. The coach makes the boys do 20 suicides and 250 push ups if they want to be apart of the team. This demonstrates his take and autocratic style of coaching. The discipline that he gives the players through his autocratic coaching makes them become men and be winners. Coach Carter sets out to change the attitudes of the team and performance. Carter immediately imposes a strict regime that includes written contracts, stipulations for being respectful, dress codes and good grades. He cancels all the teams’ activities and locks them out of the gym until the team shows improvement in there grades. These actions provide the evidence of an autocratic coaching style. He fights to keep his methods and determined to show the boys that they need to rely on more than sports for there futures. Coach Carter’s autocratic style of coaching keeps the team working well together. Coach Carter is and autocratic coach but his methods and techniques are in the best interest of the boys that he teaches to be men. This coaching style his expressed all throughout the film but Carter also infuses this style with his own style that makes him a good coach for the basketball team. 2.To be an effective coach you need to poses qualities such as listening, questioning, constructively challenging, holding to account, seeing different perspectives, encouraging and supporting, trusting the team and also focusing on the team. Coach Carter has very effective characteristics that a successful coach must have, this includes his duty. He is a proficient leader and knows when to take charge and give the teams tasks to complete. Carter gives the team a plan to accomplish the objectives. Another effective characteristic that Ken demonstrates is his ability to make sound and timely decisions. Such as when he gives the team push ups, suicides. Also when he straight away gets to the point and states the contract the team must follow. Carter also maintains the situation and shows awareness in order to anticipate needed actions. Ken also has a quality to improvise to handle the changing situation such as when he locks the team out of the gym due to there poor grades or when he hypes them up during a game and gives the tips and motivation talks. Qualities that a good coach much posses are qualities like Ken Carter. He ensures that the task is understood, supervised and accomplished. To do this he clearly states his expectations, such as the contract he gives them to sign and follow if they want to play. Ken also considers the teams development needs, such as maintaining a 2,3 in there academic studies and also ensuring that they will be winners regardless the outcome of the game, like when they just loose the final match. A good quality that Coach Carter has is his respect for the players and his term of the word respect. When Ken Carter took on the responsibility of coaching this team it was clear that he was more4 concerned with the people under his care that winning games. This shows a great amount of respect for the players and in the journey the players come to respect him for it. When Coach Carter cared about the future of the people in this team, the team became winners and not often are the coaches that set there sights on winning and influencing the lives of there student athletes. I remember from the film Carter speaks with the tem about the insulting use of â€Å"nigger†. He says â€Å"has some self respect†. The mock the coach by saying â€Å"God aint in this neighbourhood† because his appealing nature towards the team as a man of respect. Also qualities that Ken has is Building the team. He conducts frequent debriefings and gives feedback to identify things learned. If the team hasn’t done something or not doing something correctly he will blow the whistle and stop them bring them in an talk with them. He also has a quality of discipline although it mite not seen equal at times, such as when he makes Timo do something like 1500 push ups and like 1000 suicides, but this makes the team realise that he is serious and he’s not mucking around. A great aspect of Coach Carter’s leadership is his integrity, which all good coaches must have. He knows what he must do and knows himself to build the team, provide drills, activities and feedback. He seeks responsibility and accepts responsibility for him self and the team’s actions like when they are not keeping up with the grades in class. He corrects poor team performance and looks to strive to become a better team. Coach Carter also sets and example for the team, he doesn’t show discouragement when he faces setbacks such as when the parents and teachers hold a meeting about him closing the gym and vote for him to leave the job as a coach, he sticks to his methods which a correct and doesn’t back down. Ken has earnt the respect of the players as we see when they are waiting in the gym with there desks and school work in front of them because they know this is the way fro a better team. Ken also chooses the difficult over the easy which is a good quality, he makes the team put in the hard yards, but the result is them feeling good about them selves with a sense of achievement. 3. A quote from Coach Carter is â€Å"you will have my respect until you abuse it†. I think this idea of respect within thee team is a great motivation technique. The team doesn’t fully understand at the start but it grows within the team and they become winners and motivated to do so. Coach Carter dose everything he can to insure a promising future for his basketball players, against all odds. The team can see this and this motivates them to become better students, athletes and overall better people. They can see that the coach is putting in a great effort so they should do the same they follow his example and I think they start to look up to there coach. At the star even though he is without support he refuses to give in to the system that sidelines the players with prison, drugs and alcohol. Instead he pushes the team, pushes there grim statistics that he always give to them and faces them to meet his expectations as motivation. His tough attitude towards the team becomes very motivational for the team and they eventually acknowledge the benefits of his ways. Coach Carter preaches respect, dignity and manners. He calls his players â€Å"sir†, treats them as adults with responsibilities often giving the benefit of the doubt and expects the same attitude in return. His emphasis on living and playing like champions is hammered home. The team becomes motivated by Carters words and actions. They can see that he is doing this for them and gives them something to strive for in the future, gives them motivation to do all the hard work. I think something that motivates the team is there self achievement, when they can see that Carters method \s are making them champions the team motivates them selves and work to be better men.

Learning In The Educational And Health And Social Care Sector Education Essay

Learning In The Educational And Health And Social Care Sector Education Essay Learning is a life long process. It helps to acquire the knowledge to a person or a group of persons by using different theories and methods with the help of a lecturer or by self. This assignment shows the different theories, styles, , factors affecting in learning , methods barriers of learning in the educational and health and social care sector. DOMAINS OF LEARNING Cognitive Psychomotor Affective COGNITIVE DOMINE This domain is mainly based on the knowledge. It have three practical and instructional levels such as , factor, understanding, and the application. The  fact  level consist of identity and list. The understanding level consist of three, they are describe, compare and contrast together. The typical verb contains explain, apply and analyse. This domain will deliver as lectures , presentations etc. and the evaluation will be objective and subjective.   PSYCHOMOTAR DOMINES Psychomotor domain is based on the skills of the individual. The three practical instructional level is imitation practice and habit. In the first level of this domain contains the delivary of the subject, second level will be the observation by the instructor, and the third level the learner will build the experirience. AFFECTIVE DOMINE Affective domain is based up on the behavioural aspects and may be labelled as beliefs. The three levels in the affective domain are  awareness, distinction,  and  integration.  The verbs for this domain are generally limited to words like  display, exhibit,  and  accept  and these apply at all the levels. The first two levels of the domains really cognitive;  integration  is behavioural and requires the learner to evaluate and synthesize. The content of this domain will usually involve discussions. The testing in the first two levels will be cognitive, whereas the third level will required an affective checklist. LEARNING STYLE Activist Activist will Jumps in at the deep end enthusiastic looks for new experiences likes to be centre of attention. Always likes to do new experiments. They are open minded and flexible. They always enjoys the new situations, they likes challenges. Pragmatist. Pragmatists are not happy with listening to theories and ideas. People with a pragmatist learning style like facts to fantasy. In the educational settings, they enjoy writing and reading nonfiction or doing writing activities such as outlines, research papers, making lists, filling in charts and labelling the scientific diagrams Rflector These people are very care full in every jobs, openions, thinking, etc. They will follow a methodological approach .The reflective learning style is a learning style which consists of absorbing, rather than acting on, new information. A reflective learner need time to think through an idea and its ramifications, while an active learner prefers to jump in and test theories immediately. Theorist Theorists are the vertical thinkers. They are rational and objective. The will follow always in a disciplined approach. They want to ask questions or they like questioning. The negative of theorist is they are lateral thinkers, they will in tolerate anything, like subjective or intuitive. THEORIE OF LEARNING Behavioural theory Cognitive theory Gestalt Theory Humanistic Theory BEHAVIORAL THEORY. These are the theories which includes the leadership which do not seek inborn traits or capabilities. A behavioural theorist always looks look at what the leaders actually  doing. BEHAVIORIST Principles of Behaviourist are they will do small and concrete and progressively sequenced tasks. They will think about the positive and negative reinforcement. They are very consistent in using the reinforcement during the teaching and learning process. If they learned once then the intermittent reinforcement will promote retention. COGNITIVE THEORY The cognitive theory is mainly based on the mind and the functions based on the brain. It include thinking , knowing, memorising, and communicating, and the connection between them, and how they are working together. In this theory, the mind will work . In this theory experience is the main shaping factor of the personality. It sees the mind as a set-out frame waiting to be filled, rather than one shaped by experience. The cognitive theory is the only one to clearly state that a persons behaviour is certainly shaped by surroundings, not only internal drives. What the one would do surrounded by peers is completely different from what the same person would do in a strange their setting. GESTALT THEORY Gestalt means that when the parts identified individually have different characteristics to the whole (Gestalt= organised whole) e.g. describing a tree its parts are trunk, branches, leaves, perhaps blossoms or the fruit. But when you looks at an entire tree, you are not conscious of the parts, you are aware of the overall object only the tree. Parts are of secondary importance even though they can be clearly seen. HUMANASTIC THEORY The focus of the humanistic theory is based on the emotional feelings of the human beings. In this theory the learner are free to choose their own behaviour, rather than reacting to environmental stimuli and reinforces. Issues dealing with self-esteem, self-fulfilment, and needs are . The major focus of this theory is to facilitate personal development. LEARNING THEORY AND LEARNING STYLE IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE FIELD. HUMANISTIC THERAPY IN PSYCHOLOGY The humanistic approach in the health care field is mainly used in the psychatrist treatments like counselling. Because this theory is based on the emotional feelings of the human beings. According to this theory, the human beings have an intimate tendency to develop some potentials. But, some times this potentials will destroy our life and living conditions. Some times our lovable people will act as a stranger. Because they are not aware about the inner feelings, which are taking place in the persons mind. The aim of a councillor or a psychotherapist is that to provide an environment, in which the client will not feel the insecurity. This will help the client to enable more security and self esteem about themselves. The psychotherapist or the councellor will will understand the clients problem through the communication with him. The positive point of this therapy is it gives more important for the humanistic values and approaches. This attitudes helps the client to build a relationship with the client and the therapist. FACTORS INFLUENCING LEARNING Motivation Motivation helps the learner to learn more . The teacher should have the capacity to motivate their students. Environment The environmental factors affects in the learning. The suitable environment gives more concentration for the learning. Communication The communication between the student and the teacher will help to reduce the distance between them.The communication the medium of the communication should be well understand by the speaker/ the lecturer and the listener/the learner. Some of the important communicative medias are audio visual,newspapers,internets etc. Time available. The management of the time is very important in the learning. The lecture should know how to complete the needs of learner with in the time limit Culture In every culture there are different type of cultural learning style. Many of the countries are developing and undeveloped once. When these countries learning styles are compared to the developed countries the educational level will be in high standard. So the teaching styles and methods are varies from one culture to another. It may be difficult to understand the nonverbal messages because different cultures have the different expectations about eye contact, physical touch, body gestures, etc. Preparation The lecture should have an idea about each learner, what they are, their learning and under standing capacity, which learning style is suitable for the each learner. Lecture should can arrange each learners documents in a folder including their learning needs. Learning Goals The lecture should have the capacity to clear up the learners doubts. Teach them about the procedures in the ward. Legal barriers Check all the legal documents of the learner in which includes the educational level, if the worker is from out side country check the passport, visa, CRB, language level etc. BARRIERS TO LEARNING. Barriers of learning are the factors which are affecting in the learning of the individual. It may be physical factors, neurological factors, and mental factors. Language Mental stress and tension. Attention Visual aids Informations. Dyslexia Dyspraxia Language. In the learning process the language is an important factor . Language helps the learners to understand the learning subject. A learning process will complete when all the learniners are listening the lecture. For a proper process of learning attention is very important. So before taking to lecture the lecture should make sure that the employees are ready to listen the classes. This will make to progress in their thinking from where they are. Visual Aids The visual aids helps in learning by change of focus. They help to create attention. If the class has to focus on the lecturer all the time, the pressure on the lecture to perform is acute. When the lecturer switch the OHP or slide projector attention of the learners will be pointing to the screen and away from the face of the lecturer. Learning by visual method will help to concentrate more than in the audio classes. Mental Stress and Tension The mental stress and tension will affects the learning process. The causes of the tension may be due to the family problems and the personal problems. Dyslexia The term Dyslexia  is a broad term which is using to define a  learning disability  that impairs a persons ability to read,  and which can manifest itself as a difficulty with  phonological awareness,  phonological decoding,  orthographic coding,  auditory short-term memory, and /or  rapid naming.  Dyslexia is a separate and distinct from the reading difficulties resulting from other causes, such as a non-neurological deficiency with vision or hearing, or from poor or inadequate  reading instructions.  It is believed that dyslexia can affect between 5 to 10 percent of a given population although there has been no studies to indicate an accurate percentage. Dyspraxia. The condition dyspraxia, it   is a motor learning difficulty that can affect planning of the movements and the co-ordination as a result of brain messages not being accurately transmitted to the body.  It may be diagnosed as the complete or partial absence of other motor or sensory impairments. PROFESSIONAL SKILL IN LEARNING These are the skills of the lecturer and the student in the field of learning. These professional skills helps the lecturer to know about the students and their problems. In health and social care sector all the procedures are take place under some particular knowledge and theories. Professional skills are the ability of students to learn and at the same time it is the ability of teachers to teach the students. In health sector, the carer or a nurse should have the capacity to understand their clients problem. Thee clients they may be not active in their communication, but the worker should understand their problems through the observational method . This is one of the method of professional skills. In the hospital sector the nurse will understand the problems of the patient by seeing the physical appearance and the activities they are doing. In psychological sector, the councillor or the psychiatrist will communicate with them through a long discussions. Through this discussion he c an understand the problems of the patient. LEARNING STATERGIES. Learning strategies are the methods which are using by the students to complete the learning task. Many of the teaching management and teachers are using these learning strategies to improve the learning and teaching skills. The lectures use different types of strategies like visual aids, audio methods, demonstrations, group discussions etc.. Learning strategies, however, they are the tools that learner themselves can employ independently to complete a language task. For an instance, a learner who needs to learn a list of vocabulary words might draw a picture to remember each word. The commonly used learning strategies are given bellow, Less Strategies Lecture Demonstrations Discussions Seminar Tutorial Shared strategies Practical Simulation and games Role play Recourse based learning Films / TV programs Visits Student strategies Distance learning /flexi study Discovery projects/research Real life experience. PRESENT TEACHING STATERGIES IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE SECTOR. The present learning or instructional strategies helps to achieve learning goals. It includes the pre instructional activities, learner activities, testing, and follow-through determine the approach for achieving the  learning goals. The strategies are based on the interest of the students and teachers. Because the teacher determines which type of learning strategy is applicable in each student learning . The present health and social care system helps the learners to improve their learning styles by the help of learning strategies. The learning strategies are commonly using in the social and health sector is as follows, Discussions   there are many methods using in discussion strategies. The are the discussions, demonstrations, lectures etc. For example, when the lecturer will discussing the learning topic to the students, then the lecturer will understand the learning difficulties of the student. Through this they can make improvement in the difficulties. Reading comprehension Strategy, the reading comprehension strategy helps to understand the aspect about the material. It helps to determine the vocabulary, writing structure etc. This will makes understand , that, what is the reason for reading. This helps for the teacher to understand about the learner regarding reading skills , interest, motivation, and experience . Semantic Mapping Strategy,This strategy helps to understand or it is using as a technique to motivativate the students and make them to involve in the full learning process. This will include, Selection of topic, diaplaying the target topic. And finaly the students will make some points regarding the topic, the lecturer should divide the student as some groups according to their intellectual abilities. And they will discuss about the topic. Integrating Technology, N In these days the educational sector realised that the application of modern technologies will give more values in the learning. Integrating the technology into a course curriculum when the appropriate is proving to be valuable for the enhancing and the extending the learning experience for the faculty and for the students or the learners . Many faculty have found electronic mail to be a useful way to promote student/student or faculty/student communication between class meetings and to inform about the working programs. Others are using list serves or on-line notes to extend the topic discussions and explore critical issues with students and colleagues, or discipline- specific software to increase student understanding of difficult concepts. Cooperative Learning . This is a method in which a groupe of people a re working together or learning together for to achieve a same goal. The term Collaborative Learning is commonly used as a synonym for cooperative learning when, in fact, it stands as a separate strategy that encompasses a broader range of group interactions such as developing learning communities, and stimulating worker/faculty discussions, and encouraging electronic exchanges. In this the full involvement of faculty and the management involves in the learning process. CONCLUSSION The proper training and the teaching of the students with the all suitable learning theories and the learning styles helps the student and the teacher to acquire the knowledge.

The Maritime Education And Training Education Essay

The Maritime Education And Training Education Essay E-learning systems have several names which basically mean the same: Virtual Learning Environment, Learning Management System, Course Management System, Learning Content Management System (LCMS), Managed Learning Environment (MLE), Learning Support System (LSS) and Learning Platform (LP). In Europe the term VLE is mostly used, but in United States the term CMS is favored over others (Kanninen, 2009). Todays learners can use some different ways to learn. One of them is technology based environments is inclusive of using of computers and Internet. Online learning is one of these type environments. An attractive side of online learning is that education service to come to the learner itself and flexible usage of it. In online learning, to perform effective instructional design is being difficult because of the learners characteristics that are related to learning are not being known. As a matter of fact, to bring into existence of effective learning for the learners in online learning environments, needs and expectations of the learners that are in these environments are comprehended and development of convenient environments which are adequate for different learning styles are required. Technology density environments cause a change of learning styles of the learners and bring up a concept that is online learning style to the agenda (DaÄÅ ¸ Geà §er, 2009). In the literature, the explanation of the online learning has been used different terminologies. Because of this, makes it difficult to develop a generic definition. Terms that are commonly used include e-learning, Internet learning, distributed learning, networked learning, tele-learning, virtual learning, computer-assisted learning, Web- based learning, and distance teaching (Anderson Elloumi, 2004). In the literature, there are many definitions which are reflect the diversity of practice and associated technologies of online learning. For example, while some researchers define online learning as educational material that is presented on a computer, the others defines online instruction as an innovative approach for delivering instruction to a remote audience, using the Web as the medium (Anderson Elloumi, 2004). Kanninen (2009) online learning is learning which takes place in a network; it could be the Internet or just a schools internal/closed net. Ally (2004) wrote that there are at least the 6 following synonyms used for online learning: e-learning, Internet learning, distributed learning, networked learning, tele-learning, virtual learning, computer-assisted learning, web-based learning, and distance learning. So it can be said that in online learning the learner is at a distance from the tutor or instructor and the learner uses some form of technology to access the learning materials. (Ally 2004) Online learning can be divided into three classes: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Contact learning supported by the net à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Multiform learning in the net à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Self studying in the net Online learning (sometimes referred to as e-learning or distance learning). In this study, online learning adopted the ASTD (American Society for Training Development) definition, which describes it as education which is facilitated and supported via information and communications technology (ICT). ASTD states that e- learning is: A broad set of applications and processes which include web-based learning, computer- based learning, virtual classrooms, and digital media. Much of this is delivered via the Internet, intranet, audio and videotape, satellite broadcast, interactive TV, and CD- ROM. The definition of e-learning varies depending on the organization and how it is used, but basically it involves electronic means of communication, education, and training (Franetovic, 2011). McGill Hobbs (2007) mentioned that a virtual learning environment (VLE) is an information system that facilitates e-learning. VLEs process, store and disseminate educational material and support communication associated with teaching and learning. Virtual learning environments (VLEs) are widespread in higher education today, typically used to deliver instructional materials and facilitate communication within a course. Briefly, we can define online learning in this thesis as an approach to a TEL (Technology Enhanced Learning), in a self regulated method, which utilizes information and communication technology to maximize the acquisition and processing of the knowledge in a VLE (Virtual Learning Environment) as a learner centered educational framework. Our conception of education is that it should help students to develop their personalities and to cope with the tasks and challenges that arise from their environments. More formally, education should assist young people in developing meaningful goals and provide them with the knowledge and skills to achieve these. To the extent that they manage to monitor and control the activities to reach their goals, they are said to self-regulate these activities (Steffens, 2006). The online environment calls for students to demonstrate self-regulated learning (Ally, 2004). Dabbagh (2007) characterized successful online learners as those who exhibited self-directed learning skills. Self-regulated learning has been framed in the online education context by Carson (2012) research as an active, constructive process whereby learners set goals for their learning and then attempt to monitor, regulate and control their cognition, motivation and behavior, guided and constrained by their goals and the contextual features in their environments (Bandura, 2001; Pintrich De Groot, 1990; Schunk, 2005; Zimmerman, 2002). the processes of self- regulation as a reciprocal cycle consisting of forethought, performance and self-reflection (Figure 2-2). Each of the phases consists of sub processes that play a greater or lesser part in learning depending on the task, the learner, and the environment (Carson, 2012). Figure (2-2): Phases and sub processes of self-regulation. From Zimmerman, B., Campillo, M. (2003). Motivating self-regulated problem solvers. Manochehr (2006) has made a study where he compared the effects on e-learning versus those on traditional instructor-based learning, on student learning, based on students learning styles. The result was that the learning style in traditional learning was irrelevant but in e-learning it was very important. The study showed that learners with an assimilating or converging learning style achieved better learning results in e-learning. DaÄÅ ¸ Geà §er (2009) stated that recent developments of the online learning are also related to Adaptive educational Hypermedia Systems (AEHS). An AEHS aims to build a model of the goals, preferences and knowledge of each learner and use this model throughout the interaction with the leaner, in order to adapt learning content to the needs of that learner that is adapted specifically to the learners (Brusilovsky, 1996). For example, in an AEHS, learning content knowledge of the subject is given to the learner. In addition, AEHS can support learners in their navigation by limiting browsing space, suggesting most relevant links to follow, or providing adaptive comments to visible links (Brusilovsky, 2003). AEHS researches are centered on learning style based personalization researches (Brown, 2006; Paredes Rodriguez, 2004; Piombo, Batatia Ayache, 2003; Graf, 2007).

Compare and Contrast: ‘A desirable society’ Essays -- Literary Analysi

Both Andre Brink’s ‘A Dry White Season’ and James Joyce’s ‘The Dead’ display two very different societies undergoing artistic, cultural and political transitions. In 1914, Ireland saw the Nationalist party at its peak, where Irish society was desperately searching for a sense of cultural identity and political stability. Joyce takes an apolitical approach in order to objectively show Dublin to his fellow Dubliners in his ‘nicely polished looking glass.’ Andre Brink, in comparison, documents a temporal shift into 1976, during the Soweto uprising, in which the non-white population of South Africa protested against the Nationalist Party’s apartheid regime. Brink, like Joyce, draws upon this inspiration to offer a truthful commentary upon South African society. Although both novels are placed within entirely contrasting contexts, both display similar themes of political unrest and social division, which reveals two very flaw ed and undesirable societies. In this essay I will compare and contrast the ways in which Joyce and Brink portray the societies that they are a part of. I will compare the treatment of colonisation, segregation and both cultural and nationalistic identity in each novel, and argue the integrity of each author’s commentary and critiques upon two transforming nations. Colonisation plays an important role in both Brink’s A Dry White Season and Joyce’s The Dead. Brink bases the events of his novel around the Soweto uprising, in which South Africa’s non-whites fought against the Nationalist Party’s apartheid regime. The main conflict was over the Nationalist Party proposing schooling in non-white schools to be carried out in both English and Afrikaans languages. The non-white student population much preferr... ...ue of national identity, with the influence of colonisation and conflicting ideas. One detail that is consistent in both Joyce’s The Dead and Brink’s A Dry White Season is the completely apolitical and factual approach the authors take. Without forcing any ideas upon the reader, Joyce and Brink allow us to construct our own opinions upon the way in which their societies operate. Works Cited Deane, Seamus. 1982. Joyce and Nationalism. Sussex: The Harvester Press Diala, Isidore. 2002. History and the inscriptions of torture as a purgatorial fire in Andre Brink’s fiction. Texas: University of North Texas Levenson, Michael. 1994. Living History in â€Å"The Dead.† New York: St Martin’s Press Pecora, Vincent P. 1986. â€Å"The Dead† and the Generosity of the Word. PMLA 101.2 Schwarz, Daniel R. 1994. â€Å"The Dead† A Critical History. New York: St Martin’s Press

Mother Teresa: An Example of Servant Leadership Essay -- Mother Teresa

Servant leadership is both a leadership philosophy and set of leadership practices. Traditional leadership generally involves the accumulation and exercise of power by one at the â€Å"top of the pyramid.† By comparison, the servant-leader shares power puts the needs of others first and helps people develop and perform as highly as possible (Northouse, 2013). One person I feel is a great example of a servant leader is mother Teresa. Mother Teresa, Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu, was born August 26, 1910 in what is today Skopje, Macedonia. At the age of 12, she began showing interest in the life of missionaries and felt that she was being called to a life of serving God. By the time she was 18 she had left home and joined the Sisters of Loreto, never to see her mother or sister again. Though based out of Ireland, the Sisters of Loreto had a mission in Calcutta, India, where Mother Teresa spent most of her life serving as a teacher and helping the poor. Upon taking her first vo ws as a nun in 1931, she chose the name Teresa after the patron saint of missionaries. The mod...

Fiji, My Country

My family is originally from Fiji which is comprised of 333 islands. Fiji became a British colony in 1874, and was granted its independence in 1970. For the most part during those 96 years, the British confined Fijians to their villages using a head tax – some say it was to preserve traditional power and social structures but at least one or two people argue it was payback for all the English heads that went missing during the days of rampant cannibalism. The British chose instead to use indentured labourers from its Indian colony to develop major sugar plantations in Fiji. When the British shipped out at Independence in 1970, they left behind roughly an equal number of Fijian and Indian citizens. These figures have since changed in favor of Fijians with post-coup migration. Fiji embodies everything the romance of the South Seas is supposed to – with laidback maritime charm, a warm, tropical climate, friendly people, exotic fruit and vegetables, and strange yet harmless creatures. Yet it also holds its own South Seas mysteries and can be a bit of a puzzle sometimes. Fiji sunset – Three Loose Coconuts Here you will find people who have helped propel Fiji tourism to international fame as the friendliest destination in the world. Yet, 37 years since Independence, Fiji also has under its belt four armed takeovers of Government and three Constitutions – promulgated in 1970, 1990 and 1997. Today Fiji is a multi-cultural country with its citizens including Fijians and people of Indian, Chinese, Pacific Islander and European ethnicity. This has helped Fiji become a cultural melting pot of sorts in the South Pacific (and allows for a nice smorgasbord at parties!). Colonial legacies continue though†¦ English is still the official language. People drive their vehicles on the left-hand side of the road. The currency is the Fiji Dollar. And sugar continues to be a mainstay of the economy – surpassed only by tourism these days. But I show you the geographical location of Fiji so that you would have a fair idea where this country is. It is located on the 180 degrees Meridian Line, where the new day begins. People will stand on an island in Fiji known as Taveuni and a straight line is drawn and where you can stand on one side of it and say, that you are in the present or future i.e. either today or tomorrow and yesterday and today. But let me show you exactly where my village is located on the small island known as Nairai in the Lomaiviti Province. The longer name for my island is known as Nairairainimarama or in English the island of beautiful women. Lomaiviti Province means the Central Province or Centre of Fiji. Fiji is a multiracial country rich with cultures and traditions and the indigenous people are Fijians who comprise of about 60% of the population and Indians with 40% whilst other minorities include Chinese and other Asians, Europeans, Americans, Australians and many others. Fijians like may other ethnic groups have their own cultures and traditions with which they are identified as a group of people. Our traditional system is such that is similar to the people of Israel as we have Chiefs or Leaders or Kings, then 2 sets of warriors, those who stand guard outside any Kings residence and another group of warriors which is only allowed to interact with the chief and allowed in the house. Then we have the Priests or Bete who offer advices and representatives who interact with others on behalf of the Chiefs/Kings and they send out messages of any meetings or events to other villages. Also there are those people who are known as commoners who perform other tasks like farming and fishermen known as Gonedau who go out fishing for the Chiefs and his family. But the Chiefs and his family do not eat the same food as his warriors or bati. So when a Fijian is born he or she is born with his roles and responsibilities and that cannot be changed unlike other systems i n the world. My Family My family originally hails from one of the chiefly islands in Fiji where many great chiefs and leaders come from. The name of the island is Bau. My ancestors were one of the few chiefs that left Bau Island for Nairai Island in the Lomaiviti Province in the 16th century. So our family members as from a chiefly background are leaders or chiefs having huge responsibilities to lead the people and serve them well. But to become a good leader one has to accept to learn and be educated because leadership is something that has characteristics or skills that must be learned and practiced. One must be seen as a dictator but have qualities to listen, control, speak and command the respect of his people. Our Fijian culture could be seen by some to be very complex because of the traditional values and beliefs it is attached with. To illustrate from the day a child is born, and within a chiefly system, the child will not be laid on bed for four days and four nights. The mother will be kept with the child under the supervision of old women in the village and will not be allowed to work as food will be gathered by others. A feast will later follow where relatives will gather to celebrate the birth of the child. At an early age, a boy will be circumcised and a feast will again be organized on the fourth night and even when he first goes out to the sea, the family will prepare mats and other things for him when he returns from fishing in the sea. For a girl or a boy engaged in a traditional dance for the first time he or she would be presented with gifts. Even when someone in the family travels abroad he or she will be hosted to a feast by relatives. There are things that we use for almost all traditional occasions or events or customs. These are whales tooth or known as tabua in Fijian and kava which is a derived from a kind of plant. The whales tooth has been a medium of exchange in the past until today and it is used for consultations and many other things including seeking support or reconciliation for a fight that had occurred. Also it is used by families to seek the approval of another family or families for a young woman to marry a young man. Usually, a total of not less than 10 whales tooth should be presented by the young man's family or relatives to the young woman's family or relatives. There a number of processes and many activities that must be performed traditionally to complete the establishment of a new family. However, people in the village as having different responsibilities and duties are expected to perform their own during the whole process. Even the passing of a chief or anyone requires the presentation of tabua and kava. Kava is used for discussions or meetings as well as a means of seeking approval for one or a group to entry into another village or family home. It is a sign of respect and acknowledgement. However, kava has been used in developed countries to produce depression tablets and other products that enhance performance too. Fiji has been exporting kava to Europe in the past and USA and other countries in the world. In Fiji and other Pacific Islands kava is common and used but has been abused for over consumption and takes away the real purpose for kava use. A child born in a chiefly village will be taught to do all the traditional presentations during all traditional ceremonies and know his role. For this reason, I will have to learn from my father and relatives of all the roles that I am obliged to perform whenever needed. I have shown below my family tree to help you gain some information on my family background.

Critical analysis of marketing ethics- corporate social responsibility Essay

Introduction Ethical conduct of marketing activities is essential for any serious business in the current globalized business environment. The issue of corporate social responsibility has been a challenge to many managers and will continue to do so in case proper mechanisms and policies are not put in place and implemented. The report gives an analysis of CSR practices and subsequently provides arguments in favour of the practice and those that do not. Long term perspective in carrying out CSR has been stressed. Sustainable CSR practices ensure that the business remains relevant in the long run, performs better and the needs of the community and environment are addressed. The impacts of CSR dimensions on the marketing mix strategy adopted by the firm have also been dealt with. The best approach to CSR has been suggested and recommendation is that the approach which resonates well with the goals of the firm must be adopted. The blue-chip company tackled in this report is Nike. Report summary It has been observed that marketing ethics still is a topic attracting vigorous debate among scholars and business practitioners. Currently, there is a corporate social responsibility movement that has been incited by a number of catalytic forces. However, these forces driving CSR in the current business setup have been propelled by serious shifts exhibited in the relationship of the market, individual and the state. Core drivers in CSR have been the ever-growing expectations from stakeholders, the ever shrinking role played by the state in businesses, levels of responsibility being put on supply chains, and the adding pressure emanating from shareholders (Amaeshi, et al., 2006, pp.4,17, 25). See more: how to write an analysis Studies that have been conducted indicate that the current public is more sensitive to CSR and thus expects much from businesses and it is therefore coming up with groups such as consumers, activists, community, employees, and shareholders so as to see to it that they are heard by corporate decision-makers. CSR could be viewed as the continuous commitment of businesses to act in a manner that is ethical and subsequently contribute to the economic development of society while trying to improve the life quality of its workforce and their families and that of the local community. The company becomes obliged to become sensitive to the demands of all stakeholders. It must be stated clearly that CSR does not imply monetary hand-outs in form of grants or donations (McWilliams & Siegel, 2000, pp.603-609). This is a myopic view of CSR that has often led to the vague argument that the business of a business entity is to do business and thus not to be concerned with issues going on in the society. This has often pitted CSR against profitability thus arguing that CSR programs will deter a firm from achieving its profitability goals. Long term views on CSR and profitability however indicate that a firm practicing CSR programs performs better than those which do not. The firm chosen for the report is Nike which deals in sports footwear and apparels. Analysis Critical Analysis of Arguments for and Against Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Friedman (2008, pp.32-33) notes that CSR is deemed to be a very comprehensive package of serious practices and programs guided by policies which are all integrated into the operations of a business entity, supply chains, and its decision making processes in the whole firm and this spins across current and past actions and the impact that the operations have on future welfare of business, society and environment in general. In this regard, CSR issues are related to community investment, governance, business ethics, human rights, market and working environment (Li & Su, 2007, pp.237-256). This eliminates the myopic view of CSR as simple charity and therefore calls upon the firm to incorporate fully the impact of its operations on stakeholders as well as the environment at the point of decision-making. Managers must thus juggle with a delicate balance that exists between the stakeholder needs, company needs to make profits and perform better, and be able to adequately reward shareholder. The argument posed for new corporate leaders is that of profit optimization being the key to success as opposed to profit maximization thus bringing a serious paradigm shift in terms of accountability to the firm’s shareholders to the social responsibility towards customers and other stakeholders in society (Chapple & Moon, 2005, pp.415-441). Given the current competitive international marketing, ethics have been singled out as playing a pivotal role since businesses have realized that they are handling human values as well as beliefs. Businesses have largely spread across geographic boundaries and the current marketers are faced with cross-cultural issues that they must deal with. Multinationals that did not notice this responsibility such as McDonald and Nestle ended up facing serious ethical problems in their marketing activities going as far as getting themselves in suits that cost them millions of dollars (Li & Su, 2007, pp.237-256). Bansal & Roth, (2000, pp.717–736) think that those who support CSR activities bring in very interesting arguments. They hold that CSR practices do enhance the firm and its brand image due to the good reputation that CSR brings on board. Companies that do CSR programs effectively have also been found to easily attract ethical sensitive employees and their retention levels are high because of the satisfaction and motivational levels that such employees do record. Such firms do report high growth rates in terms of market share and are able to easily attract new investors in their business ventures (McWilliams & Siegel, 2000, pp.603-609). Furthermore, firms with working CSR programs have experienced lower costs of operations and are thus able to report high net profit margins. These arguments for CSR practices are supported by the logic that a firm that is socially responsible does care about its customers, suppliers, employees, society, local community, and the environment as a whole. It thus becomes an approach through which a firm does recognize the wide impact that its business operations have on the society and its development and in essence ends up supporting the firm in pursuit of its business success and that it has to actively handle the social, environmental, economic, and human rights issues. This calls for sustainable development as well as good levels of corporate governance (Roux, 2007, pp.23-25). Chambers, et al., (2003, pp.112-119) argue that normative arguments do recognize the needs for CSR are mainly pillared on instrumental rationales or ethical, and those that are against CSR practices are based on property rights perspectives or institutional functions. In this regard, ethicists do argue that companies are obliged to act or behave in a manner that is socially responsible since that is something that is morally correct. Extremists in instrumental rationales would still support CSR programs even when they pose unproductive outcomes for the firm. The stand is based on the rational calculation which presupposes that CSR practices will in the long run benefit the firm in question (Sun, 2010, pp.45-47). This is enshrined in the organizational legitimization philosophy which poses that by showing responsibility, a firm will be able to proactively avoid and anticipate regulations of the government, make good use of opportunities that arise from the increased cultural, sexual, and environmental awareness, differentiate its products and services from those of its competitors who are not proactive, and would continue to benefit from privilege pursuits of economics (Mahon, 2002, pp.415-445). It assumes that the firm has a legal obligation to make maximized economic advantages that do accrue to its owners. The need for firms to protect their CSR practices is also presented since firms will not make supernormal profits from the CSR initiatives due to the entry of other firms (Visser, et al., 2008, pp.67-69). Visser, et al., (2008, pp.67-69) are of the view that the case against CSR is supported by the institutional function concept and that of property rights. This argument poses that the best vehicles for CSR are the governments, civil and religious organizations, and labour unions. They further argue that business managers do not have the necessary skills and time required to carry out CSR policies. They also hold that a business sector that is empowered should not be held responsible for its actions since it is not a governmental body that is in place through electoral processes. Thus, allowing businesses to carry out CSR practices is seen as being dangerous since this does allocates huge amounts of authority to the firms without exercising accountability (Chaudhri & Wang, 2007, pp.232–247). The property rights argument is rooted in neoclassical capitalism and its simplicity resonates with many scholars, especially those in finance. The position is that management reserves no right to carry out anything apart from that which increases the value of stockholders. Actions contrary to this are a violation of legal, moral and fiduciary responsibilities endowed to management (Visser, et al., 2008, pp.67-69). This is also supported by the competitive disadvantage theory which holds that CSR actions will impose a price on the company thus posing a competitive disadvantage when compared to other firms that are not practicing it. However, this is still viewed by many as a narrow view based on short term needs for profitability (Garriga & Mele, 2004, pp.51-74). How Different Dimensions of CSR Might Affect the Marketing Mix of NIKE There are a number of CSR dimensions that are tackled by a firm which is ethically responsible in its marketing mix and these include the physical environment, social, consumer, supply chain, and employee relations. The concept of marketing mix in this context is viewed as a theorized as well as structured way of effectively delivering and communicating product and service message to consumers in the market (Waddell, 2000, pp.323–345). The impacts posed by the CSR dimensions are based on the belief that the reputation of the company is quite vital to holding and maintaining a competitive position within the marketing place and in doing business successfully. The chart for CSR dimensions has been given in the appendix at the end of this report. These ethical issues if not well-addressed could create serious problems with consumers and make the marketing mix in place irrelevant. The marketing mix would include such things are product, price, place, promotion, physical evidence and people which are areas of marketing strategy application (Bhattacharya, et al., 2011, pp.56-58). The goal of business and marketing has been said to be profit maximization in a lawful manner. The behaviour portrayed in the marketplace must be ethical and ensure that there are societal benefits. The dimensions of CSR have been known to advance the corporate image, create and increase motivation as well as loyalty of both employees and consumers. A company which does not ensure employee development and proper compensation is likely to lose competitive advantage and this in turn affects the success of the marketing mix strategy employed by the firm such as Nike. When employees, who also constitute marketers, are empowered and well-developed, they enhance the performance of a company such as Nike. The environmental impact on businesses is huge (Secchi, 2007, pp.347-373). Companies that are known not to consider the impact their activities have on the environment lose out in the long run. The way the firm formulates its marketing mix strategy to resonate with the environmental needs will affect its long term viability. Such issues as use of green energy in its operations, use of biodegradable materials in advertisements, use of technology to safeguard the environment, and reduction of carbon emissions through carbon footprint measures could heavily impact on the success of its marketing mix. Ethically sensitive consumers will shun away from Nike if they find out that the company hold poor reputation on environmental issues (Peteraf, 1993, pp.179-191). Consumers on the other hand demand for quality products at competitive prices and the safety of these products must be guaranteed. A firm which does not take hid of these demands risks being thrown out of the market as consumers would avoid its products making its marketing mix strategies irrelevant. This is where the concept of consumer related marketing finds relevance since current consumers usually recognises CSR brands and end up supporting them (Covin & Miles, 1999, pp.47-63). Given the fact that Nike operates in the society and not in virtual settings, it is important that the social welfare of the local community be put into consideration in order to win trust, respect and loyalty, factors that enhance brand image and reputation. This also gives the company insurance in the society it operates in. it is hard to market a product of a company that does not have good brand image, has a ruined reputation and the society does not trust it or exhibits near zero loyalty levels (Baum & Wally, 2003, pp.1107-1129). Supply chain dimension in CSR for Nike must be considered since supply chains have been singled out as being at the core of business operations. The business in question such as Nike must be able to streamline its supply chain to resonate with the CSR demands. Marketing mix strategies that are employed in supply chains that are effectively handling CSR programs such as green logistics and green supplies have been found to resonate well with the consumers since the consumer is placed at the centre of these supply chains (Covin & Miles, 1999, pp.47-63). The Most Appropriate CSR Approaches to Adopt Numerous approaches to CSR have been proposed by many scholars and businesses. However, they are all defined by the size and resources bases controlled by organizations and the goals to be achieved in engaging in CSR. These approaches are initiatives based on community, getting into philanthropic activities, and developing business plans which build strong shared values. The company could adopt two approaches to the practice of CSR in the market. The first one should be coming up with community based initiatives where it supports organizations, events, as well as programs within the local community it operates in as this could pose strong positive impacts in the long run. This could subsequently create a positive brand recognition which resonates well with the community (Barney & Arikan, 2001, pp.67-78). This strategy should be done in combination with the approach of shared value. This shared value approach is a CSR initiative that focuses on building a set of shared values which do recognize the fact that long term success of the business as well as achieving a balanced social system are two concepts that are interdependent to each other. This approach is enshrined in the belief that for a business to thrive, the community in which it operates in must be healthy, educated, and governed in the most appropriate way possible (Lopez, et al., 2007, pp.285–300). In this regard, factoring in formal investments in areas of education, social well-fare, healthcare, and civil society when coming up with strategic business plans is the best avenue in creating opportunities that enhance and build social value while ensuring long term growth for the firm. Whichever approach a firm such as Nike adopts the most important consideration should be that it has to offer sustainability, win goodwill from the society, and ensure that the company meets its goals. Sustainable CSR practices work to ensure that the company avoid short term focus and looks towards profit optimization in the long run (Banerjee, et al., 2008, pp.51-79). Conclusion and Recommendations Considering the current global marketing environment, serious changes have occurred when compared to what it was decades ago. In this regard, it is imperative that firms adopt CSR practices that are sustainable. Indeed there are those who argue for CSR practices by firms and those that argue against these practices as has been established in the analysis. However, differences in opinion happen to emanate due to the aspect of time difference (Agle, et al., 1999, pp.507-525). Companies that focus on short term gains from CSR will be frustrated since this cannot be easily achieved. On the other hand, firms that seek to practice long term CSR programs that are sustainable have been reported to achieve high performance levels and have managed to justify their participation in CSR to their shareholders. In a nutshell, a serious company in today’s globalized market cannot assume the need for sustainable CSR policies that it should effectively carry out (Waddell, 2000, pp.323–345). The various dimensions of CSR such as environment, social, consumer, supply chains, and employee relations have been seen to pose serious impacts on the marketing mix strategies adopted by the firm such as Nike. Finally, it is recommended that all approaches to CSR must be considered and the best approach or a combination that fits the goals of the company be chosen as has been indicated above. References Agle BR, Mitchell RK & Sonnenfeld JA (1999). Who matters to CEOs? An investigation of stakeholder attributes and salience, corporate performance, and CEO values. The Academy Manage. J. 42(5): 507-525. Amaeshi, K, Adi, B, Ogbechie, C & Amao, O. (2006) †Corporate Social Responsibility in Nigeria: Western Mimicry or Indigenous Influences?†. No. 39-2006, ICCSR Research Paper Series –ISSN 1479 – 5124, The University of Nottingham, pp. 4,17, 25 Banerjee BS (2008). Corporate Social Responsibility: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly. Crit. Soc., 34(1): 51-79. Bansal, P. & Roth, R. (2000). â€Å"Why Companies Go Green: A model of Ecological Responsiveness†. The Academy of Management Journal 43 (4): 717–736 Barney, J.B. & Arikan, A.M. (2001). ‘The resource-based view: Origins and implications’.   In M.A. Hitt, Freeman, R.E., and Harrison, J.S. (Eds.), The Blackwell Handbook of Strategic Management. Blackwell Publishers   Ltd. Malden, MA, 67-78 Baum JR & Wally S (2003). Strategic decision speed and firm performance. Strateg. Manage. J. 24: 1107-1129 Bhattacharya, CB, Sankar Sen & Korschun D., (2011) Leveraging Corporate Social Responsibility: The Stakeholder Route to Business and Social Value, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge: UK. Chambers, E., Chapple, W., Moon, J., & Sullivan, M. (2003). CSR in Asia: A seven country study of CSR website reporting. International Centre for Corporate Social Responsibility, Nottingham University, UK. Research Paper Series No. 09-2003, 112-119 Chapple, W., & Moon, J. (2005). Corporate Social Responsibility in Asia: A seven-country study of CSR web site reporting. Business & Society, 44, 415-441 Chaudhri V. & Wang J (2007). 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ISBN 978-0-470-72395-1 Waddell, S. (2000). â€Å"New institutions for the practice of corporate citizenship: Historical Intersectoral, and Developmental Perspectives†. Business and Society Review 105: 323–345